The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Languages

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Languages

Author: John Summerfield

Release date: November 14, 2006 [eBook #19807]
Most recently updated: July 22, 2010

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Louise Hope, C. J. Lippert, David Starner and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by the Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions
(www.canadiana.org))

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SKETCH OF GRAMMAR OF THE CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGES ***

This is an updated version of an e-text originally produced in November 2006; see end of text for notes.

The e-text consists of two separately published books:

Spellings for the Schools in the Chipeway Language
Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Language

In the first book (Spellings...), the hyphen - is used to separate syllables. In the second book (Grammar...) the hyphen seems to represent the glottal stop.

In the word lists of the first book, the first entry in each column was sometimes— but not consistently— capitalized. This capitalization has been retained, whether or not the e-text layout replicates the original.

A few punctuation marks in the paradigms and vocabulary lists have been supplied or regularized. Other errors and anomalies are noted with mouse-hover popups. Bracketed text is in the original.

Spelling
Grammar
Notes on Updated Text

Contents (added by transcriber)

Spellings for the Schools

Spellings

Prayers

Sketch of Grammar

Nouns, Pronouns

Adjectives (including Numbers)

Verbs

Conjugation of "to love" (active)

Conjugation of "to be"

Conjugation of "to be loved" (passive)

Participles, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections

A Fable

Formation of Words

Vocabulary

SPELLINGS

FOR THE

SCHOOLS

IN THE

CHIPEWAY LANGUAGE.

----

Ah-ne-she-nah-pay, Oo-te-ke-too-we-nun; Kah-ke-ke-noo-ah-mah-ween-twah e-kewh, Ka-nah-wah-pahn-tah-gigk Mah-ze-nah-e-kun.

----

YORK, U. CANADA:

Printed for the Canada Conference Missionary Society.

1828

chart showing letters A-Z, a-z, numerals 1-0, punctuation

SPELLINGS.

----

Words of one Syllable.

Kah
nah
sah
wah
keene
neene
weene
meene
owh
howh
ewh
Neeje
keeje
weeje
moose
koose
noose
meezhe
peezhe
neezhe
weezhe
moozhe
Squahch
shwahs
quaich
paske
kaugk
mongk
shongk
jeese
aahe
tdush

----

Words of two Syllables accented on the second.

Ah keh
ah keeng
ah kik
ah mik
ahn doohm
ah nungk
ah owh
ah pa
ah pweh
ah sin
ah tick
ah toon
e mah
e kewh
e newh
e qua
I yahdt
kah yawsk
ke tahn
ke quis
ke nwazhe
mah quah
me nick
me quom
me zeh
me squeh
me tigk
nah maih
ne gigk
ne peh
ne peeng
ne sing

----

Words of two Syllables, accented on the second.

Ne sweh
oo chawzhe
oo kaudt
oo kowh
oo kun
oo mah
oo nick
oo ninje
oon taus
oo pin
oo saum
Oo zidt
oo skonzhe
oo taih
qui yuck
shing quawk
shing koub
shing kaugk
tah zheh
te pigk
wah zhusk

----

Words of two syllables accented on the 1st & 2nd.

Ah zheh
a shkum
a sance
a squach
a tah
a yaudt
a zheh
che mon
che pywh
kah che
ka kate
ka gooh
ke kah
ke kooh
ke zhick
ke zis
ki ya
koo koosh
mah che
mah kuk
mah mick
mah noo
mahn tdah
ma quah
me chim
me kun
me kaunce
me nance
me quaich
me quon
me tdush
me owh
me zhusk
nah nindt
na kowh
na yaub
ne win
ning kah

----

Words of three syllables accented on the 1st & 2nd.

noo sa
noo tdin
noo tding
noong koom
oo jee
pah mah
pa kah
pe toon
poo neh
se peh
sah keh
sau kie
she shebe
tain ta
wa nain
wa quain
wau poose
we kah
we nin
we yause
we pidt
ween sah

----

Words of three Syllables, accented on the second and third.

Ah je chaugk
ah kah mingk
ah neen teh
ah ne moosh
ah ne peesh
ah noo kee
ah pa kish
ah quing koos
ah she kun
ah wah kahn
ah wa seeh
ah yah pa
ah zhoo gun
a me quahn
a yah chick
a yah yun
a zhah yun
ka yah peh
mah ke sin
mah ne toonce
mah ne toosh
mah ske moodt
me ke seh
me sah owh
nah kah mooh
ne zhe kaih
oo me meh
oo nah kun
oo ne shkaudt
oo que son
oon tah shahn
oo ske zhick
oo se tongk
pe je nuck
shah wain tung
shah wa nim

----

Words of three Syllables, accented on the second and
half accent on the third.

E nah shka
e qua sance
e shkoo ta
ke na pigk
ke noo zhai
mah noo min
me quain tun
me sah poose
me she min
me she kaih
me she nuck
me tig koonce
mun tah min
nah ma koos
nah ma pin

----

Words of three Syllables accented on the first and third.

Pah ke tin
wau be gun
wau bah maudt
wau be min

----

Words of three syllables accented on the last.

Ah nah quodt
e we te
ing koo che
ing koo twaus
ish pe ming
ka ah koo
kah kah keh
kah nah ka
kah ke nick
kah ke nah
kah shah kance
kah sah meh
kah moo keede
kah we kah
ka ka keh
ka koo weene
ka ke quait
ke me wun
ke nah wah
ke ke che
ke she kudt
ke she kuck
ko se non
me nah wah
me ne zis
me ze saih
moo koo mon
mun ne too
mun ne toogk
nah koo shah

----

Words of three syllables accented on the last.

nah too way
neen ah windt
ne se tum
ning ke che
noo se non
nowh ah quay
oo che pway
oo ke mah
oo me squeem
pah pah say
pe me zeh
pe na sheeh
pe pah kim
pe she keh
sah ke maih
sah ke toodt
se wah quahn
shah kah nosh
shong qua sheh
shoo ne yah
tah be schooch
tah que shin
ta pain tungk
ta pwa tungk
tain ta seh
wah ne toodt
wah wah noon
wa koo nain
wa wa neh
weje e shin
wig ke waum
we nah wah
we wah quahn

----

Words of four syllables, accented on the second and fourth.

Ah chit ah mooh
ah kuck koo jeesh
ah sun ah kooh
ah wah se seh
e nah pe yook
ke pah e kun
ke pim oo say
ke tah e kun
me squah ta seh
ne pwah kah win
ne wah pah tahn
oo ka yah wis
oo mah kah keh
oo mong ke zheh
oo tah pe nick
oo tah pe nun
oo ta e min
oo que se mon
oo wig ke waum
pah ske se gun
she kah kah winzhe
ta pwa tah wick
wah oo na seh

----

Words of four syllables accented on the sixth.

Ah quah tah sheeh
ah se ke nauk
ah zhah wah maig
ain tah che yungk
ke zhe tah yook
maun nah ta nis
na pwah kah chick
pah kah ah quaih
too too shah boo
waug ke koo mon
wah wah ska sheh

----

Words of five syllables, a full accent on the last,
and half accent on the second.

Ah kin tah soo win
ah nah me ah win
ah ne she nah pay
ah quah ne pe sahn
ah sin ne se kah
ke moo te schke win
ke nah we schke win
mah ze nah e kun
me ne te we nun
me skoo te se min
me tig quah ke zin
mon nain e te win
ne kah ne se took
neeng ke te mah kis
ne skah te se win
nin tah wa mah took
ne te ke koo took
oo kah ke qua win
oo zhe pe e kun
pah kun te se win
pah pah ke wah yahn
shah wa ne te win
sah ke e te win
ween tah mah we shin
we too kah we shin

----

Words of five syllables, accented on the first, the third and last.

Pa zhe go kah zhee
peen tah kah ta waun
oo ke mah we win
oo te ke too win
she pe koo pah tick
wah ne squa se win

Accented on the two first and last.

Too toosh pim me tay

Words of six syllables accented on the third and last.

Kah ke pah te se win
kah ke qua we ne neh
kah nah wah pa me shin
kah nah wa ne me shin
mah noo min e ka zheeh
mah kah ta e ne neh
e she wa pe se win
ta pwa yain tah moo win

----

Accented on the second and last.

Ke too ke mah me non
kah ke pah te se win
na nahn tah we e waidt
oo mah ze nah e kun
wah wah pe ko noo jeeh

----

Accented on the third and two last.

ka ke noo ah mah kaidt
mah che ah ye e wish
ah koo koo pe nah gun
ah wah che wun nah gun

Accented on the 4th and last.

Ahn e me tah koo zin.

THE LORD'S PRAYER.

Ke-sha-mun-ne-too Oo-que-son Oo-tah-nu-me-tah-koo-se-win.

Neeng-ke-che noo-se-non, Ish-pe-ming a-yah-yun. Ka-che-mun-ne-too-we-ne-kah-soo-yun. Ke-ke-che-ke-too-ke-mah-we-win pe-tah-we-she-nom. A-na-ne-me-wong-kane oo-mah-ke-zhe ah-keeng ne-kah-e-she-wa-pe-se-min; tah-pe-schooch a-she-wa-buk e-we-ty Ish-pe-ming. Me-she-she-nom ka-ne-tah-soo ke-she-kuk me-chim pe-mah-te-se-win. Ki-ya pa-kah-shah-wa-ne-me-she-nom che-sah-ke-che-wa-pe-nah-mah-we-yong mah-che-ah-ye-e-wish, nah-sahb-e-koo a-she shah-wa-ne-mong-ke-twah oo-kooh kah-pah-tah-e-yah-me-ke-chik, ki-ya keen e-she-shah-wa-ne-me-she-nom. Ka-goo we-kah ing-koo-chee ah-ne-e-she-we-she-she-kah-kane che-nah-ne-sah-ne-se-yong; mah-noo sah-koo kah-ke-nah shah-koo-te-nah-mah-we-she-nom mah-che-ah-ye-e-wish. Keen-mah-ween ke te-pain-tahn ke-che-oo-ke-mah-we-win, ki-ya euh ke-che-e-she-wa-pe-se-win, ki-ya euh ah-nah-me-ah-win ka-che-me-nwa-tah-quok, kah-ke-nik ki-ya kah-ke-nik.—Amen.

GRACE BEFORE MEAT.

Ah-noo-shoo-tah-mah-ka-win, che-pwah-we-se-ningk.

O Ke-sha-mun-ne-too Ish-pe-ming a-yah-yun, Shah-wain-tah-mah-we-she-nom mahn-tdah me-chim-pe-mah-te-se-win, kah-pah-ke-te-nah-mah-we-yongk; me-tdush ka-oon-je-mah-skah-we-se-yongk che-ah-noo-ke-tah-koo yun; me-owh Jesus Christ a-spa-ne-moo-yongk. Amen.

GRACE AFTER MEAT.

Ah-noo-shoo-tah-mah-ka-win, kah-e-squah, we-se-ningk.

O Ke-sha-mun-ne-too, neeng-keche Noo-se-non, me-quaich wa-wa-neh kah-we-se-ne-yongk noo-koom, ki-ya ain-tah-soo-ke-she-kuck shah-wain-ne-me-yongk; me-sah-owh Jesus Christ kah-ke-nigk ka-ah-pa-ne-moo-yongk. Amen.

SKETCH

OF

GRAMMAR

OF THE

CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGE,

TO WHICH IS ADDED

A VOCABULARY

Of some of the most common Words.

BY JOHN SUMMERFIELD,
alias,
SAHGAHJEWAGAHBAHWEH.

Cazenovia:

PRESS OF J. F. FAIRCHILD & SON.

1834.

ADVERTISEMENT.

The following pages were written as an exercise for my leisure hours, while attending the Oneida Conference Seminary during the past winter. As it is the first attempt that, to my knowledge, has ever been made to reduce the Chippeway language to any system, it cannot be expected to be otherwise than imperfect, and perhaps may hereafter be found to be, in some respects, erroneous. It is, however, as free from errors as my present means have enabled me to make it. It has been printed at the request of my friends, by a fellow student, at his own suggestion and expense.

J. SUMMERFIELD.

Cazenovia, April 10, 1834.

SKETCH OF GRAMMAR, &c.

The Letters used in the Chippeway Language, are twenty-one, viz. A, a; B, b; C, c; D, d; E, e; G, g; H, h; I, i; J, j; K, k; M, m; N, n; O, o; P, p; Q, q; S, s; T, t; U, u; W, w; Y, y; Z, z. F, L, R, V, and X, are not used.

There are, in the Chippeway Language, ten parts of Speech, namely, the article, the noun, the pronoun, the adjective, the verb, the participle, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection.

OF THE ARTICLE.

There is but one Article, used definitely both in the masculine and neuter genders, viz. Owh, the, m.; Ewh, the, n.

OF NOUNS.

A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing; as, Eneneh, man; Kahdahnahqueeng, Kingston; metig, tree.

Nouns are of two sorts, Common and Proper.

Common Nouns stand for kinds containing many sorts, or for sorts containing many individuals under them; as, Ahwaseeh, animal; eneneh, man; kegownh, fish; penaseh, bird.

Proper Nouns are the names appropriated to individuals, as, Charles, Cazenovia, Ganges. [N.B. Proper names, with a few exceptions, are the same as in English.]

To Nouns belong gender, person, number, and case.

GENDER.

Gender is the distinction of nouns with regard to sex.

Nouns have three genders, the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter.

The masculine gender denotes males; as, Eneneh, man.

The feminine gender is applied to animals, fishes, and birds; as, Nahbak, a she bear, &c.

The neuter gender denotes things without sex; as, Wewahquon, a hat.

NUMBER.

Number is the distinction of objects as one or more.

Nouns are of two numbers, the singular and the plural.

The singular number implies but one object; as, Mahzenahegun, a book.

The plural number implies more than one; as, Mahzhenahegahnun, books.

CASE.

Nouns have three cases, the nominative, the possessive, and the objective.

The nominative case simply expresses the name of a thing, &c.; as, Owh quewesanceoobahkahmegezeh, the boy plays.

The possessive case expresses the relation of property or possession, and always ends with the letter o; as, Noosayo wegewaum, my father's house.

The objective case expresses the object of an action or of relation; as John owejeahn Charles, John assists Charles.

Nouns may be declined in the following manner:

| Singular. | Plural.
Nom. Case, | Eneneh, man. | Enenewug, men.
Poss. Case, | Eneneho, man's. | Enenewugo, men's.
Obj. Case, | Eneneh, man. | Enenewug, men.

OF PRONOUNS.

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the same word; as, Pahpenatum eneneh, the man is happy; Pahpenatum, he is happy.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

There are three personal pronouns, viz. Neen, I; keen, thou; ween, he; with their plurals, Nenahwind, we; kenahwah, ye or you; wenahwah, they.

Personal pronouns have person, number, gender and case.

The persons of pronouns are three in each number, viz.

Neen, I, is the first person,
Keen, thou, is the second person,
Ween, he, is the third person,
}
Singular.

Nenahwind, we, is the first person,
Kenahwah, you, is the second person,
Wenahwah, they, is the third person,
}
Plural.

Number.—Pronouns have two numbers, the singular and the plural.

Case.—Pronouns have three cases, the nominative, the possessive, and the objective.

Pronouns cannot be declined. The cases of each person have the same form.

First person. | Singular. | Plural.
Nom. | Neen, I. | Nenahwind, we.
Poss. | Neen, mine. | Nenahwind, ours.
Obj. | Neen, me. | Nenahwind, us.

OF ADJECTIVES.

An Adjective is a word added to a noun to express its quality; as, quahnoj eneneh, a good man; menwawezheh eneneh, an industrious man.

Adjectives are not varied to agree with their nouns, nor do they have any regular comparison.

The following is a list of Numeral Adjectives:

Pazhick,
1

Neezhe,
2

Nesweh,
3

Newin,
4

Nahnun,
5

Ingoodwahsweh,
6

Neswahsweh,
7

Shahsweh,
8

Shongsweh,
9

Metahsweh,
10

Metahsweh ahshepazhick,

11

Metahsweh ahsheneezhe,
12

Metahsweh ahshenesweh,
13

Metahsweh ahshenewin,
14

Metahsweh ahshenahnun,
15

Metahsweh ahsheingoodwahsweh,
16

Metahsweh ahsheneswahsweh,
17

Metahsweh ahsheswahsweh,
18

Metahsweh ahsheshongsweh,
19

Nestahnah,
20

Nestahnah ahshepachick,
21

Nestahnah ahsheneezhe,
22

Nestahnah ahshenesweh,
23

Nestahnah ahshenewin,
24

Nestahnah ahshenahnun,
25

Nestahnah ahsheingoodwahsweh,

26

Nestahnah ahsheneswahsweh,
27

Nestahnah ahsheshahsweh,
28

Nestahnah ahsheshongsweh,
29

Nesemetahnah,
30

Nemedahnah,
40

Nahnemedahnah,
50

Ingoodwahsemedahnah,
60

Neswahsemedahnah,
70

Swahsemedahnah,
80

Shonggahswehmedahnah,
90

Ingoodwak,
100

Nezhwak,
200

Neswak,
300

Newak,
400

Nahnwak,
500

Ingoodwahswak,
600

Nezhahswak,
700

Shawhswak,
800

Shongahswak,
900

Medahswak,
1000

Neezhemedahswak,
2000

Medahswehdahswak,
10,000

Nestahnahdahswak,
20,000

Nemedahnahdahswak,
40,000

OF VERBS.

A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to suffer; as, Nedahyah, I am; Nedebahkoonewa, I rule; Nedebahkoonegoo, I am ruled.

Verbs are of three kinds, active, passive, and neuter.

A Verb Active expresses an action, and necessarily implies an agent and an object acted upon; as, Nezhahgeah James, I love James.

A Verb Passive expresses passion or a suffering or the receiving of an action, and implies an object acted upon, and an agent by which it is acted upon; as, Chezhahwaneding, to be loved; John oojezhahwanemah neen, John is loved by me.

A Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor passion, but being or a state of being; as, Nenebah, I sleep; Nenahmahdub, I sit.

Verbs have number, person, mood and tense.

NUMBER AND PERSON.

Verbs have two numbers, the singular and the plural.

There are three persons in each number; as,

Pers.
Singular.
Plural.

1.

Nezhahwanega, I love.

Nezhahwanegamin, we love.

2.

Kezhahwanega, thou lovest.

Kezhahwanegaim, you love.

3.

Zhawanega, he loves.

Zhahwanegawug, they love.

MOOD.

The moods are five, Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, Potential, and the Infinitive.

The Indicative declares or affirms positively, or it asks a question; as, Zhahwanega, he loves; Zhahwaneganah? Does he love?

The Subjunctive expresses action or passion in a doubtful manner; as, Kespin zhahwanegaid, if he loves.

The Imperative is used for commanding, exhorting, and entreating; as, Mahjahn keen, depart thou; Noodahmooyook, do thou listen.

The Potential implies possibility, liberty, power, will; as, Tahgemewan kahnahbuge, it may rain; Kegahwesenemin kiya kahmenequamin, we shall eat and drink.

The Infinitive simply expresses the signification of the verb; as, Cheezechegang, to do; Chegegedoong, to speak.

TENSE.

Verbs have six tenses, the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the pluperfect, the first and second future tenses.

The present tense represents a present action as taking place at the time in which it is mentioned; as, Nebop, I laugh; Newob, I see; Nedenadum, I think.

The imperfect tense denotes past action or event however distant, finished, but without defining the exact time of its completion; as, Oodanongezahbahneeg ahpe naquaskahwod, they were travelling to the town when he met them.

The perfect tense refers not only to what is past but also conveys an allusion to the present time; as, Ahzheh negegezhetoon nemahzhenahegun, I have finished my letter.

The pluperfect tense represents a thing, not only as past, but also as prior to some other point of time specified in the sentence; as, Ahzehnegegezhetonahbun letter chebwabedahgweshing, I had finished my letter before he arrived.

The first future tense represents the action as yet to come, either with or without respect to the precise time when; as, Owh kezis tahbemookahum wahbung, the sun will rise to-morrow.

The second future tense represents a future action that will be accomplished before another future action; as, Negahwesenenahbun nahwahquaig, I shall have dined at twelve o'clock.

A Verb is conjugated in the following manner:

TO LOVE.—indicative mood.

Present Tense.

Sing.
1. Nezhahwanega,
I love.

2. Kezhahwanega,
Thou lovest.

3. Zhahwanega,
He loves.

Plur.
1. Nezhahwanegamin,
We love.

2. Kezhahwanegaim,
Ye or you love.

3. Zhahwanegawug,
They love.

Imperfect.

Sing.
1. Negezhahwanega,
I loved.

2. Kegezhahwanega,
Thou lovedst.

3. Kezhahwanega,
He loved.

Plur.

1. Negezhahwanegamin,

We loved.

2. Kegezhahwanegaim,

Ye or you loved.

3. Kezhawanegawug,
They loved.

Perfect.

Sing.

1. Ahzehnegezhahwanega,

I have loved.

2. Ahzehkegezhahwanega,

Thou hast loved.

3. Ahzehkezhahwanega,

He has loved.

Plur.

1. Ahzehnegezhahwanegamin,

We have loved.

2. Ahzehkegezhahwanegaim,

Ye or you have loved.

3. Ahzehkezhahwanegawug,

They have loved.

Pluperfect.

Sing.

1. Ahzehnegezhahwaneganahbun,

I had loved.

2. Ahzehkegezhahwaneganahbun,

Thou hadst loved.

3. Ahzehkezhahwanegabun,

He had loved.

Plur.

1. Ahzehnegezhawanegaminahbun,

We had loved.

2. Ahzehkegezhahwanegamwahbun,

You had loved.

3. Ahzehkezhahwanegabahneeg,

They had loved.

First Future.

Sing.
1. Negahzhahwanega,

I shall or will love.

2. Kegahzhahwanega,

Thou shalt or wilt love.

3. Tahzhahwanega,

He shall or will love.

Plur.

1. Negahzhahwanegamin,

We shall or will love.

2. Kegahzhahwanegaim,

You shall or will love.

3. Tahzhahwanegawug,

They shall or will love.

Second Future.

Sing.

1. Negahzhahwaneganahbun,

I shall have loved.

2. Kegahzhahwaneganahbun,

Thou wilt have loved.

3. Tahzhahwanegabun,

He will have loved.

Plur.

1. Negahzhahwanegaminahbun,

We shall have loved.

2. Kegahzhahwanegamwahbun,

You will have loved.

3. Tahzhahwanegabahneeg,

They will have loved.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Sing.

1. Tahgahneenegazhahwanega,

Let me love.

2. Zhahwanegain, or
Kezhahwaneganah,

Love thou, or do thou love.

3. Tahgahween tahzhahwanega,

Let him love.

Plur.

1. Tahgahnenahwind gahzhahwanegamin,

Let us love.

2. Zhahwanegayook, or Kezhahwanegaimnah,

Love ye or you, or do you love.

3. Tahgahwenahwah tahzhahwanegawug,

Let them love.

POTENTIAL MOOD.

Present Tense.

Sing.
1. Nedahzhahwanega,
I may love.

2. Kedahzhahwanega,
Thou mayest love.

3. Tahzhahwanega,
He may love.

Plur.

1. Nedahzhahwanegamin,

We may love.

2. Kedahzhahwanegaim,

You may love.

3. Tahzhahwanegawug.

They may love.

Imperfect Tense.

Sing.

1. Nedahgezhahwanega,

I might love.

2. Kedahgezhahwanega,

Thou mightest love.

3. Tahgezhahwanega,
He might love.

Plur.

1. Nedahgezhahwanegamin,

We might love.

2. Kedahgezhahwanegaim,

You might love.

3. Tahgezhahwanegawug,

They might love.

Perfect Tense.

Sing.

1. Nedahgewezhahwanega,

I may have loved.

2. Kedahgewezhahwanega,

Thou mayst have loved.

3. Tahgewezhahwanega,

He may have loved.

Plur.

1. Nedahgewezhahwanegamin,

We may have loved.

2. Kedahgewezhahwanegaim,

You may have loved.

3. Tahgewezhahwanegawug,

They may have loved.

Pluperfect Tense.

Sing.

1. Nedahgewezhahwaneganahbun,

I might have loved.

2. Kedahgewezhahwaneganahbun,

Thou mightest have loved.

3. Tahgewezhahwanegabun,

He might have loved.

Plur.

1. Nedahgewezhahwanegaminahbun,

We might have loved.

2. Kedahgewezhahwanegamwahbun,

You might have loved.

3. Tahgewezhahwanegabahneeg,

They might have loved.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Sing.

Kespin zhahwanegayaun,

If I love.

Kespin zhahwanegayun,

If thou lovest.

Kespin zhahwahnegaid,

If he loves.

Plur.

Kespin zhahwanegayong,

If we love.

Kespin zhahwanegayaig,

If you love.

Kespin zhahwanegawod,

If they love.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Pres. | Chezhahwanegang, To love.
Perf. | Chegezhahwanegang, To have loved.
Fut. | Ahyegwahwezhahwanegang, To be about to love.

PARTICIPLES.

Present, | Zhahwaneding, | Loving.
Perfect, | Zhahwanemind, | Loved.

Conjugation of the Verb TO BE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Sing.
Nedahyah,
I am.

Kedahyah,
Thou art.

Ahyah,
He is.

Plur.
Nedahyahmin,
We are.

Kedahyaum,
Ye or you are.

Ahyahwug,
They are.

Imperfect Tense.

Sing.
Nedahyahnahbun,
I was.

Kedahyahnahbun,
Thou wast.

Ahyahbun,
He was.

Plur.
Nedahyahmenahbun,
We were.

Kedahyahmwahbun,
You were.

Ahyahbahneeg,
They were.

Perfect Tense.

Sing.
Negeahyahnahbun,
I have been.

Kegeahyahnahbun,
Thou hast been.

Keahyahbun,
He has been.

Plur.
Negeahyahmin,
We have been.

Kegeahyaum,
You have been.

Keahyahwug,
They have been.

Pluperfect Tense.

Sing.

Nedahgeweahyahnahbun,

I had been.

Kedahgeweahyahnahbun,

Thou hadst been.

Keweahyahbun,
He had been.

Plur.
Nedahgeweahyahmin,
We had been.

Kedahgeweahyaum,
You had been.

Keahyahbahneeg,
They had been.

First Future Tense.

Sing.
Negahahyah,
I shall be.

Kegahahyah,
Thou wilt be.

Tahahyah,
He will be.

Plur.
Negahahyahmin,
We shall be.

Kegahahyaum,
You will be.

Tahahyahwug,
They will be.

Second Future Tense.

Sing.
Negahgeahyahnahbun,
I shall have been.

Kegahgeahyahnahbun,

Thou wilt have been.

Tahgeahyahbun,
He will have been.

Plur.

Negahgeahyahmenahbun,

We shall have been.

Kegahgeahyahmwahbun,

You will have been.

Tahgeahyahbahneeg,

They will have been.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Sing.
Tahgahnenegahahyah,
Let me be.

Ahyaun kegeahyahun,

Be thou or do thou be.

Tahgahweendahahyah,
Let him be.

Plur.
Tahgahnenahwindnegahahyahmin,   Let us be.

Ahyahyook,

Be ye or you or do you be.

Tahgahdahahyahwug,
Let them be.

POTENTIAL MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular.

Koonemah-nedahahyah,

I may be.

Koonemah-kedahahyah,

Thou mayst be.

Koonemah-dahahyah,
He may be.

Plural.

Koonemah-nedahahyahmin,

We may be.

Koonemah-kedahahyaum,

You may be.

Koonemah-dahahyahwug,

They may be.

Imperfect Tense.

Singular.

Koonemah-nedahgeahyah,

I might be.

Koonemah-kedahgeahyah,

Thou mightest be.

Koonemah-tahgeahyah,

He might be.

Plural.

Koonemah-nedahgeahyahmin,

We might be.

Koonemah-kedahgeahyaum,

You might be.

Koonemah-tahgeahyahwug,

They might be.

Perfect Tense.

Singular.

Koonemah-nedahgeahyahnahbun,

I may have been.

Koonemah-kedahgeahyahnahbun,

Thou mayst have been.

Koonemah-tahgeahyahbun,

He may have been.

Plural.

Koonemah nedahgeahyahminnahbun,

We may have been.

Koonemah kedahgeahyahmwahbun,

You may have been.

Koonemah tahgeahyahbahneeg,

They may have been.

Pluperfect Tense.

Singular.

Koonemah nedahgeweahyahnahbun,

I might have been.

Koonemah kedahgeweahyahnahbun,

Thou mightest have been.

Koonemah tahgeweahyahbun,

He might have been.

Plural.

Koonemah nedahgeweahgahmenanbun,

We might have been.

Koonemah kedahgeweahyahmwahbun,

You might have been.

Koonemah tahgeweahyahbahneeg,

They might have been.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Sing.
Kespin ahyahyaun,
If I be.

Kespin ahyahyun,
If thou be.

Kespin ahyaud,
If he be.

Plur.
Kespin ahyahyong,
If we be.

Kespin ahyahyaig,
If you be.

Kespin ahyahwaud,
If they be.

Imperfect Tense.

Sing.

Kespin ahyahyahbaun,

If I were.

Kespin ahyahyahbun,
If thou wert.

Kespin ahyahpun,
If he were.

Plur.

Kespin ahyahyongebun,

If we were.

Kespin ahyahyaigoobun,

If you were.

Kespin ahyahwahpun,
If they were.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present. | Cheahyong, To be.
Perfect. | Chegeahyong, To have been.

PARTICIPLES.

Pres. | Ahyong, Being.
Perf. | Ahyod, Been.

Conjugation of the Passive Verb TO BE LOVED.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular.
Nezhahwanemegoo,
I am loved.

Kezhahwanemegoo,
Thou art loved.

Zhahwanemah,
He is loved.

Plural.
Nezhahwanemegoomin,
We are loved.

Kezhahwanemegoom,
You are loved.

Zhahwanemahwug,
They are loved.

Imperfect.

Singular.

Nezhahwanemegoonahbun,

I was loved.

Kezhahwanemegoonahbun,

Thou wast loved.

Zhahwanemahbun,
He was loved.

Plural.

Nezhahwanemegoomenahbun,

We were loved.

Kezhahwanemegoomwahbun,

You were loved.

Zhahwanemahbahneeg,
They were loved.

Perfect.

Singular.
Negezhahwanemegoo,
I have been loved.

Kegezhahwanemegoo,

Thou hast been loved.

Kezhahwanemah,
He has been loved.

Plural.

Negezhahwanemegoomin,

We have been loved.

Kegezhahwanemegoom,

You have been loved.

Kezhahwanemahwug,

They have been loved.

Pluperfect.

Singular.

Negezhahwanemegoonahbun,

I had been loved.

Kegezhahwanemegoonahbun,

Thou hadst been loved.

Kezhahwanemahbun,
He had been loved.

Plural.

Negezhahwanemegoomenahbun,

We had been loved.

Kegezhahwanemegoomwahbun,

You had been loved.

Kezhahwanemahbahneeg,

They had been loved.

First Future.

Singular.
Negahzhahwanemegoo,
I shall be loved.

Kegahzhahwanemegoo,
Thou wilt be loved.

Tazhahwanemah,
He will be loved.

Plural.

Negahzhahwanemegoomin,

We shall be loved.

Kegahzhahwanemegoom,

You will be loved.

Tahzhahwanemahwug,
They will be loved.

Second Future.

Singular.

Negahgezhahwanemegoo,

I shall have been loved.

Kegahgezhahwanemegoo,

Thou wilt have been loved.

Tahgezhahwanemah,

He will have been loved.

Plural.

Negahgezhahwanemegoomin,

We shall have been loved.

Kegahgezhahwanemegoom,

You will have been loved.

Tahgezhahwanemahwug,

They will have been loved.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

Tahgahnenegah zhahwanemegoo,

Let me be loved.

Tahgahkegah zhahwanemegoo,

Be thou loved or
do thou be loved.

Tahgahween tahzhahwanemah,

Let him be loved.

Plural.

Tahgahnenahwind negahzhahwanemegoomin,

Let us be loved.

Tahgahkenahwah kahzhahwanemegoom,

Be you loved or do you be loved.

Tahgahwenahwah tahzhahwanemahwug,

Let them be loved.

POTENTIAL MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular.

Nedahkoonemahzhahwanemegoo,

I may be loved.

Kedahkoonemahzhahwanemegoo,

Thou mayest be loved.

Tahkoonemahzhahwanemah,

He may be loved.

Plural.

Nedahkoonemahzhahwanemegoomin,

We may be loved.

Kedahkoonemahzhahwanemegoom,

You may be loved.

Tahkoonemahzhahwanemahwug,

They may be loved.

Imperfect Tense.

Singular.

Nedahgekoonemahzhahwanemegoo,

I might be loved.

Kedahgekoonemahzhahwanemegoo,

Thou mightest be loved.

Tahgekoonemahzhahwanemah,

He might be loved.

Plural.

Nedahgekoonemahzhahwanemegoomin,

We might be loved.

Kedahgekoonemahzhahwanemegoom,

You might be loved.

Tahgekoonemahzhahwanemahwug,

They might be loved.

Perfect Tense.

Singular.

Nedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoo,

I may have been loved.

Kedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoo,

Thou mayest have been loved.

Tahgekoonemahkezhahwanemah,

He may have been loved.

Plural.

Nedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoomin,

We may have been loved.

Kedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoom,

You may have been loved.

Tahgekoonemahkezhahwanemahwug,

They may have been loved.

Pluperfect Tense.

Singular.

Nedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoonahbun,

I might have been loved.

Kedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoonahbun,

Thou mightest have been loved.

Tahgekoonemahkezhahwanemahbun,

He might have been loved.

Plural.

Nedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoomenahbun,

We might have been loved.

Kedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoomwahbun,

You might have been loved.

Tahgekoonemahkezhahwanemahbahneeg,

They might have been loved.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular.

Kespin zhahwanemegooyaun,

If I be loved.

Kespin zhahwanemegooyun,

If thou be loved.

Kespin zhahwanemind,

If he be loved.

Plural.

Kespin zhahwanemegooyong,

If we be loved.

Kespin zhahwanemegooyaig,

If you be loved.

Kespin zhahwanemindwah,

If they be loved.

Imperfect Tense.

Singular.

Kespin zhahwanemegooyahbaun,

If I were loved.

Kespin zhahwanemegooyahbun,

If thou wert loved.

Kespin zhahwanemindebun,

If he were loved.

Plural.

Kespin zhahwanemegooyonggebun,

If we were loved.

Kespin zhahwanemegooyaiggoobun,

If you were loved.

Kespin zhahwanemindwahbun,

If they were loved.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present. | Chezhahwanemegoong,   To be loved.
Perfect. | Chegezhahwanemegoong,   To have been loved.

PARTICIPLES.

Present. | Zhahwanemegoong, | Being loved.
Perfect. | Zhahwanemind, | Loved.

OF PARTICIPLES.

A Participle is a word derived from a Verb, and has the nature of a verb and also of an adjective.

Verbs have two participles, the present and the perfect.

The present participle denotes action or being continued, but not finished. It generally ends in ing, eng, or g; as, Tebahkooneding, Ruling, &c.

The perfect participle denotes action or being, finished. This can also be distinguished by its ending in ed or d; as Pahpid, laughed; Shoshomequanid, smiled.

OF ADVERBS.

An Adverb is a word used to modify the sense of a verb, &c.; as, Kagate quahnoj eneneh, a truly good man.

List of Adverbs:

1. Ingooding, once; neshing, twice; nesing, thrice.

2. Netum, first; Esquache, lastly.

3. Omah, here; ahnedeh, where; negoojee, somewhere; kahweenegoojee, nowhere; ishpeming nahkayah, upward; nesahye-ee nahkayah, downward; esquayong nahkayah, backward; negaun nahkayah, forward, &c.

4. Noogoom, now; chekezheguk, to-day; mawezhah, long ago; pejenahgooh, yesterday; noomahyah, lately; wahbung, to-morrow; bahmah, by and by; kahmahsheh, not yet; kahyahsekah, instantly; waweeb, immediately.

5. Pahgee, little; ahneenmenik, how much.

6. Koonemah, perhaps; mekahweh, perchance.

7. Kagate, verily; aahe, yes, &c.

8. Kah, no; kahweengahnahga, not at all.

9. Ahneen, how; ahneeshnah, why; ahnahpe, when.

10. Nahwuj, more; kagahkoo, most.

OF PREPOSITIONS.

Prepositions serve to connect words with one another and to show the relation between them; as, Cazenove angkeojemahjahkezhodt York, he went from Cazenovia to York.

List of Prepositions:

Pahzhejahye-ee, over; ahnahmahye-ee, under; shepahye-ee, through; ishpeming, above; nesahye-ee, below; keoonjee, from; peoonjee, from; ahwashema, beyond; chegahye-ee, near; negaun, before; Ishquayong, behind; wahsah, off; oogejahye-ee, on or upon; magwaahye-ee, among; ahzheh, after; ahpahgahjeahye-ee, against; ahgahmahye-ee, across; kewetahye-ee, around; nahwahye-ee, amidst; enahkayah, toward, &c.

OF CONJUNCTIONS.

A Conjunction is a word used to connect sentences, so as out of two to make one.

Conjunctions are of two sorts, the Copulative and the Disjunctive.

The following are some of the Conjunctions:

Cop. Kiya, and; Kespin, if; Owh, that; nahyanze, both; dushween, then; ahpe, since; mesah, therefore; ahnesh, wherefore.

Dis. Atah, but; ahzheh, as; dush, than; koone, though; mahmesahwahwah, unless; kespuge, except; pooch, yet.

OF INTERJECTIONS.

An Interjection is a word used to express the sudden emotions of the speaker; as, Tahwah! pemahdezewin nelojegootoge! Alas! I fear for life! O neboowin! Ahneshekewesahgandahmoowin? O death! Where is thy sting?

List of Interjections:

Earnestness or Grief; O! ah! tahwah, alas!

Joy; Yahhahne! yahhahne! &c.

Wonder; Mahmahkahdahkahmig, strange! hahe, hah!

Aversion; Saih! ahwas, away!

Attention; Nah, hark! Nahbin, behold!

Surprise or Fear; Ingee! Tauneyohne! yohe!

Laughter; Ha! ha! ha!

Requesting silence; Easta, hist! pezahnahbin, silence!

Calling; ahneene, halloo!

Salutation; Mequaich, welcome!

A FABLE—[Translated from the English.]

OWH WAHGOOSH KIYA EWH MASK.

The second page of the "Fable" is imperfectly reproduced, so the last letter on each printed line is conjectural. They are shown here in lighter type.

Kegahweendahmoonin kache dahkooahyod ahdesookaun, kecheoneshesheh dushweengooh.

Wahgoosh ingooding keezhahgoobun haberdashero dahdahwawegahmig. Emah metahskahkahmig ahyahtanegoobun kache gwahnahjewong mask, keoonje ozhechegahdagoobun ahwegah cheahyood mamahjenood ahpe herongh azhe obahkahmegezhejin. Ewh mask egewh mawezhah, meowh ahpe owh ahdesookaun tebaindahgowk, ahgwahnahung kahkenah ewh ostegwan dahgooh helmiting, kiya kahwekah mamahjenood ezheoobahkahmegezhese ayahsenenegoon. Mahmahdah wechegawenebun, owhdush ezhechegang kahweendush kedahwahbahdah zhenon ewh odangowh owh wabahkahmegezid, kiya koonemah anahnookewenegwain nahchebahpid or mahwid, ewh mask ahpun ewh nahsob azhenahgowk.

Owh wahgoosh kahgezheyaindum, wahjapezeh. Oge quakenon ewh mask menahwah kiya menahwah. Oge gahnahwahbahdaun emah ahgwahjeeye-ee, kiya gahnahwahbahdaun emah peenjahye-ee.

Ewh ahgwahjeeye-ee keche shooshoo ahyahgoobun kiya kegezhechegahdagoobun! Ewh peenjahye-ee webahgoobun. Kagate onesheshin oostegwan ayaug omah, ekedoo owh wahgoosh; kagate mejenahwa yahdahkahmig kahwenaindib ahyahsenoog!

Nahnind quahnoj quewesansug ahyahwug kiya equasansug kemahzheh ekoogenedwah oowh enaindahmoowod kahween kagoo ohbahbah mahndahsenahwah, ewh atah oobeshegadahgoosewenewah, ahgoonwatahtesuwod kagoo chekekadahmoowod medush azhe quakeskahwod enahkahkayah wahwazheowening. Koonemah eneneh odah ahtood ewh onindj emah ostegwahning onowh pazhik kiya tahekedooh kahekedood owh wahgoosh kagate sahquahnoj owh oostegwan omah ayog kagate sah mejenah wayahdahkahmig ahyah senoog ewh wenaindib.

Eneneh tahezhah ishpeming, ahyahnzig menoo bemahdezewin, ahyahnzig kechetwahwezewin, ahyahnzig ogemahwewin, ahyahnzig kekenooahmahdewin, ahyahwahsig wejekewayun; kah dushween tahezhahsee ewhety ishpeming ahyahwahsig Christ.

A man may go to heaven without health, without wealth, without honor, without learning, without friends; but he can never go to heaven without Christ.

OF THE FORMATION OF WORDS.

It is difficult with us to speak the words themselves.—The words odoon, onik, okod, ozid, okun, do not mean respectively, mouth, arm, leg, foot, bone; but his mouth, his arm, his leg, his foot, his bone. By leaving out the letter o we have the words mouth, arm, &c. themselves: thus, doon, nik, kod, zid, kun. The former is the usual way of speaking, the latter is correct.

By the following illustration it will be better understood how words are formed:

|  | my | thy or your | his
Nindj, | a hand, | nenindj, | kenindj, | onindj,
Nik, | an arm, | nenik, | kenik, | onik,
Doon, | a mouth, | nedoon | kedoon, | odoon,
Bid, | a tooth, | nebid, | kebid, | owebid,
Daih, | a heart, | nedaih, | kedaih, | odaih,
Kown, | a liver, | nekown, | kekown, | okown,
Kun, | a bone, | nekun, | kekun, | okun,
Skunze, | a nail, | neskunze, | keskunze, | oskunze,
Kod, | a leg, | nekod, | kekod, | okod,
Bowm, | a thigh, | nebowm, | kebowm, | obowm,
Dis, | a navel, | nedis, | kedis, | odis,
Pun, | a light, | nepun, | kepun, | opun,
Zid, | a foot, | nezid, | kezid, | ozid,
Yos, | flesh, | neyos, | keyos, | oweyos,
Yowh, | a body, | neyowh, | keyowh, | oweyowh,
Oose, | father, | noose, | koose, | osun,
Gah, | mother, | negah, | kegah, | ogeen,
Siyahn, | brother, | nesiyahn, | kesiyahn, | osiyayun,
Shema, | sister, | neshema, | keshema, | oshemayun,
Tahwug, | an ear, | netahwug, | ketahwug, | otahwug.

VOCABULARY.

Alphabetization is as in the original.

 A   B   C   D   E   H   I   K   M   N 
 O   P   Q   S   T   U   W   Z 

A.

Aahe, adv. yes

Ahbenoojhee, n. a child

Ahbewin, n. a room

Ahnind, adj. some

Ahpe, adv. then, when

Ahkeh, n. the earth

Ahkeeng, in the earth

Ahzheh, adv. after

Ahneendeh, adv. where?

Ahyahyun, v. art thou

Ahweyah, n. a certain one

Ahnung, sing.,
Ahnungoog, plu.
}
n. a star

Ahyah, v. he is, was

Ahneen, adv. how?

Ahwon, n. fog, dew, mist

Ahsin, n. a stone

Ahnweh, n. a bullet

Ahnahquod, n. a cloud

Ahnookewin, n. a work

Ahnemeke, n. thunder

Ahkoozewin, n. sickness

Ahpahbewin, n. a saddle, or a thing to sit on

Ahpwahgun, n. a pipe

Ahnahpe, adv. when

Ahgwahnahung, pt. covered

Ahgwahjeeng, outdoors

Ahpequashemoon, n. pillow

Ahkookoobenahgun
Ahwahjewahnahgun
}
n. a basket, the latter signifies a vessel to carry or gather with

Ahnahmeahwin, n. religion

Aindahnahbid, v. sitteth

Aindahyaun, n. my house or home

Aiskum, adv. more

Anwahchegaid, n. a prophet

Amequahn, n. a spoon

Atah, conj. but

Ahsamah, n. tobacco

Ahnahmahkahmig, Ahnahmahkeeng, under the earth or ground

Ahgahming, n. other side

Ahyahmook, v. receive it, or take it

Ahshum, v. feed him, or give him something to eat

Ahgahwahta, n. a shadow

Ahwashema, prep. beyond

Ahgwewin, n. a garment

Ahgookayowh, n. a bait, or something to allure animals to a snare

Ahgahjewin, n. bashfulness

Ahquahnebesohn, n. rainbow

Azhenekahdaig
Adahming
}
n. name of a thing or place. In asking a question we say what is the name of that thing or place?

Ahgwahjeeye-ee, n. outside

Anahnookewenegwain, business, or it was his business

Anaindahmon, n. thy will

Azheahyog, v. as it is

Azhegooh, v. as we

Azhemahmahjenoojin, part. played or acted

Ahgoonwatahdezoowod, v. they refuse

Ahyahsenenegoon, when there is none or no

Ainind, pt. called

Ahwas, adv. away

Ahsub, n. a net

Ahyog, is here

Ahpugn, adv. always, usually, the same

Ahmooh, n. a bee

Ahmik, n. a beaver

Ahnim, n. a mean fellow

Ahnit, n. a spear

Ahnebeesh, n. a leaf

Ahnwabewin, n. a rest

Ahnahmeawegahmig, n. a church, meeting-house, or praying-house

Ahskekoomon, n. lead

Ahskahtowhe, n. a skin or hide

Asquach, adv. falsely, vain

Ahdesookaun, n. story, fable

Ahnwahtin, not boisterous

Ahwebah, n. or adj. calm

Ahkahkahzha, n. coal

Ahyegagah, adv. soon, directly

Ahnoodezeh, adv. greedy

Ahnowh, prep. though

Ahtoon, put it down

Ahneenmenik, adv. how much

Ahneendeh, adv. where

Ahneendehnahkayah, adv. which way

Ahnahmahye-ee, prep. under

Ahpahgahjeahye-ee, prep. against

Ahyahwug, v. there are

Ahgahmahye-ee, prep. across

Ahneeshnah, adv. why

Ahdick, n. a rein-deer

Ahjedahmoo, n. a red squirrel

Ahsahnahgoo, n. a black squirrel

Ahgwegoos, n. a chip-monk

Ahkuckoojeesh, n. a ground-hog

Ahdoomahkoomasheeh, n. a monkey, which signifies louse catcher or hunter

Ahnemoosh, n. a dog

Aasebun, n. a raccoon

Aayabegoo, n. an ant

Aayanee, n. opossum

Ahzhahwahmaig, n. a salmon

Ahshegun, n. rock-bass

Ahgwahdahsheh, n. sun-fish

Ahwahsesee, n. cat-fish

Ahmahkahkee, n. a toad

Ahgoonaqua, n. tree-toad

Ahndaig, n. a raven

Ahshahgeh, n. a crane

Ahsegenak, n. a black-bird

Ahjegahdashib, n. water-hen

Ahsenesekab, n. gravel

Ahkik, n. a kettle

Ahbewh, n. a paddle

Ahzod, n. poplar

Ahneshenahbay, n. an Indian man

Apahgeeshemoog, n. west

Ahahwa, n. a species of duck

Ahwahkaun, n. cattle

Ahgahwosk, n. gypsum

Ahshahwask, n. a sword

Ahgwesemon, n. a pumpkin

Ahgwejekinzhaegun, n. an and-iron

Ahskebug, n. a green leaf

Ahgahwahtaown, n. an umbrella

Ahdahwaweneneh, n. a merchant

Ahkahnok, n. a corn-cob

Azheshahwask, n. a rifle

Ahnejemin, n. pease

Auskig, n. a seal

Ahgookewahsegun, n. sealing-wax

Ahpahgedoon, v. throw it

B.

Bakah, v. to stop

Bahmah, adv. by and by

Bazhig, adj. one

Bahtay, n. smoke

Bahgaun, n. a nut

Bahbegwon, n. a bugle

Bakahnuk, adj. the other

Bahnahjetoon, v. destroy it

Bahtahzewin, n. sin

Bahgundahegawegahmig, n. a barn, or a house to thresh grain in

Bewegahegun, n. a chip

Bemahdezewin, n. life

Beezhahyaun, v. if I come

Bemoosain, v. to walk

Bewahbik, n. iron

Bedoon, v. bring it, or fetch it

Benetoon, v. clean it

Boodahwahgun, n. chimney, fire-place

Bewuyh, n. fur

C.

Chegahye-ee, prep. near

Cheahnwabing, v. to rest

Cheshahdahegun, n. broom, sweeping instrument

Chepahping, pt. laughing

Chebwah, prep. before

Chebuyh, n. a corpse, dead body

Chemaun, n. a boat, a canoe

Chemenewung, v. to yield fruit

Chese, n. a turnip

Chahchaum, v. to sneeze

Cheahyong, v. to be

D.

Dush, conj. but

Dushween, adv. then, there.
Weendush, and he;
owhdush, and the;
medush, and then;
egewhdush, and they

Doombenon, v. to lift

Doon, n. a mouth

Dahdahwawegahmig, n. a store or shop

Danguyh, n. the face

E.

Eneneh, n. a man

Enenewug, n. men

Equa, n. a woman

Equawug, n. women

Equasance, n. a girl, or little woman

Emeh, adv. there (near,)—sometimes means, into, or in the

Ewhety, adv. there (distant,) in that place

Egewh, pro. them

Enah! int. hark! see!

Enewh, pro. these

Ezhah, v. to go

Ewh, a. the

Eskooday, n. fire

Esquache, adj. last

Ezhahdah, v. let us go

Esquahdaim, n. a door

Enaindahmoowin, n. mind, thought, will

Ekedoowin, n. a word

Eebahdun, n. butter

Enenahbik, n. a rock

Enenahtig, n. a maple-tree

Ezhechegaid, n. means or manner

Ekedooh, v. to say, or he said

Enahkayah, prep. towards

Ewedehnahkayah, adv. that way

Enaindahming, pt. thinking

Equah, n. a louse.

H.

How, v. let us

Hah! int. the same as Ha! in English.

I.

Ishpeming, n. heaven, or above

Inggoojhee, adv. somewhere

Ingoodwahsweh, adj. six

Ishpemesahgoong, n. chamber

Ingoodwak, adj. one hundred

Inggooding, adv. once

Inggwahekaun, n. the grave

Innoozoowahgun, n. a name-sake

Ingee! int. This word is used by children when they are afraid of something that is large

Inggoodoogunze, n. a cluster of fruit.

K.

Keshamunedoo, n. Merciful Spirit or Being

Kechemunedoo, n. God, or Great Good Spirit

Kecheahjechaugk, n. Great Holy Spirit

Kecheogemah, n. King, or great Chief

Kedemahganemeshin, have mercy on me

Kegekaindaun, v. thou knowest

Kechegahmeh, n. a lake

Kegezhaib, n. the morning

Ketegahnans, n. a garden

Kedahyah, v. thou art

Kedahyaum, v. you are

Ke-ne-nah? Is it you?

Kahween, adv. no sir, no, no

Kah, adv. no

Keen, pro. you, or thou

Koosay, n. sing. your father

Koone, n. snow

Kezis, n. the sun

Kiya, conj. and

Kegwis, n. your son

Kegah, n. your mother

Ketegaun, n. a field

Kahkenah, adj. all, whole

Koosenon, n. our father

Koosewah, n. pl. your father

Koosemah, v. may, might

Kahgequawin, n. law

Kahbabeboon, all winter

Kahbanebin, all summer

Kahgenig, adv. forever

Kahwekah, adv. never

Kagooshish, n. something

Kebemoosay, v. he walked

Kedaun, n. your daughter

Kezheguk, n. day

Kezhik, n. sky

Kahweenegoojee, adv. nowhere

Kegedoon, v. to speak, (in the imperative mood)

Ke-ekedooh, v. he said

Kedenin, I tell you

Keskeezhik, n. your eye

Kooskoozin, v. to awake

Kespin, conj. if

Kesenah, adj. cold

Kagooh, shall not

Keche, adj. great

Kechauze, n. your nose

Ketegaweneneh, n. a husbandman

Keskejewahyaun, n. a waist-coat

Kewadenoong, n. north

Kekewaown, n. a flag

Kagate, adv. truly, verily

Koondun, v. swallow it

Kahmahsheh, adv. not yet

Kahskahdin, v. to congeal, to freeze

Kagooween, you shall not, or thou shall not

Kagebahdezid, n. a fool

Kenebood, pt. died

Kategang, v. to sow or plant

Keskahkezhegang, v. to reap

Kahgega, adj. eternal

Kazhedin, adv. immediately

Keahgoonwatum, v. he denied

Ketezeh
Kekahe
}
adj. old

Kegaung, n. a virgin

Kegowh, n. a fish

Keskemon, n. a whet-stone

Keskeboojegun, n. a saw

Kechepezoon, n. a girdle, a sash, a belt

Kebeshang, adj. deaf

Kepahgah, adj. thick

Kebesquang, adj. hoarse

Kesahgehenah? Do you love me?

Kenahweskewin, n. falsehood

Kashahweahyah, adj. loose

Kondahegwahsowin, n. thimble, an instrument used to push with in sewing

Kahyahtenewaid, n. a mid-wife

Kahezhewabuk, it was so

Kekenahwahjechegun, n. a sign or mark

Kegedooweneneh, n. a speaker or lawyer

Kahgahgewinze, n. hemlock

Kahgahgeh, n. wind-pipe

Kekindewin, n. a covenant

Kezebegahegahnahboo, n. soap suds

Kahskahkoonegun, n. corn-crib

Kahskahegun, n. a scraper

Koozhe, n. a beak

Koonekahdin, n. frost, snow

Kechemekun, n. a high-way

Kagah, adv. mostly

Kahweengagoo, n. nothing

Kegahweendahmoon, I will tell you

Kahgequaweneneh, n. an exhorter, or preacher

Kegowhyekaweneneh, n. a fisherman

Kekaindahmoowad, v. to learn, to know

Kahgahnahga, do not

Kemahzeh, adv. badly

Kegezhechegahdagoobun, pt. completed

Kahgezheyaindum, adj. sagacious

Kagahgoo, adv. almost

Kahyask, n. a gull

Kahgahgehshee, n. a crow

Kookoosh, n. a hog

Kookookoo-ooh, n. an owl

Kenoozha, n. a pike

Kewetahye-ee, prep. around

Kedahgahbezhew, n. a wild-cat

Kaugk, n. a porcupine

Kahgebahdezewin, n. foolishness

Keskekechegun, n. a partition

M.

Mahnedoo, n. a spirit

Mahjahn, v. march on

Mahzhenahegun, n. a book, paper, &c.

Mahjemunedoo, n. an evil spirit, or the devil

Mahzhenenee, n. an image

Mahskemoodance, n. satchel

Mahkahday, n. powder, or black

Megwon, n. a feather, quill

Mekun, n. a road

Mejim, n. food

Mezhusk, n. hay, weed, grass

Menesis, n. hair, of the head

Mequom, n. ice

Metig, n. a tree

Mesheh, n. fire-wood

Metigmahkuk, n. a trunk

Meowh, only, the one to whose

Minjemeneshin, v. hold me

Metigmahkezin, n. shoe, or wooden shoe

Me-ewhmenek, it is enough

Mahdwayahbegahegun, n. a fiddle, or a sonorific instrument, whose strings are capable of vibrating

Megezeh, n. an eagle

Moozhuk, adv. often

Mookoomon, n. a knife

Moozwahgun, n. scissors

Menookahmeh, n. spring, a season of the year

Menahwahzeh, adj. cheerful

Mequamdun, v. remember it

Mezhenahwa, n. a disciple

Mahkundwaweneneh, n. a robber

Mahmahweh, adv. together

Mezheshenon, v. give us

Mesquagin, n. purple

Mahkahdaeneneh, n. a black man

Mahkahdaequa, n. a black woman

Mawezhah, adv. anciently, long ago

Metegwob, n. a bow

Moskin, n. full

Mahdwawa, n. a sound

Menoodahchin, adv. enough

Menekaun, n. seed

Menequang, v. to drink

Mahskoosen, n. a marsh, a bog, a fen

Mamangwah, n. a butterfly

Mahskeeg, n. a swamp

Mahmahjenoowin, n. miracle

Mahnahtaneseweneneh, n. a shepherd

Mahskahwezewin, strength

Mahjetong, v. to begin

Mahkuk, n. a pail, or box

Mahkahkoosug, n. a barrel

Megahzooweneneh, n. a soldier, a man of war, or a fighting man

Mahmahkahdezing, v. to boast

Megoos, n. an awl

Menis, n. an island

Mahwewin, v. to cry

Memenik, v. be quiet

Mahskekeh, n. medicine

Mahnedoosh, n. an insect, a worm

Mahbah, this one

Mesahkoodoonahgun, n. beard, the hair that grows on the lips and chin

Mondahmin, n. corn

Mechekahnok, n. a fence

Metegoominzhe, n. an oak

Mahskooda, n. plains, flats, or level ground

Mahgeahyah, adj. big

Mahgoobedoong, v. to squeeze

Mayahgezid, n. a stranger

Menahwah, adv. again, more and more

Mamahjenoojin, v. he played

Metahskahkahmig, n. the ground, or on the ground

Menoomenik, adj. sufficient

Mamahjenood, n. an actor

Magwaahye-ee, prep. among

Mahnahtanis, n. a sheep

Meshebezhee, n. a lion

Mahengun, n. a wolf

Mesahbooze, n. a goat

Mahquah, n. a bear

Moaze, n. a moose

Mahskoodaysay, n. a quail

Mahnoomenekashee, n. a mud-hen

Mezhesay, n. a turkey

Mesahmaig, n. a whale

Mahzhahmagoos, n. trout

Mahnoomin, n. rice

Mezheh, adv. everywhere

Magwah, adv. while

Manmooyahwahgaindahmoowin, n. thankfulness

Meshejemin, n. a currant, (fruit)

Mahzahn, n. a thistle

Mahjegooday, n. a petticoat

Menekahnekah, adv. seedy

Mejenahwayahdahkahmig, n. pity

Mahmahdahwechegawenebun, it was a strange custom

Menesenoo, n. a hero

Mesquahsin, n. brick, which signifies, red stone

Mesahowh, that is

Moosay, n. a worm

Moong, n. a loon

Meene, n. a kind of fruit

Mahjekewis, adj. the eldest

Meskoodesemin, n. a bean

Mategwahkezinekaid, n. a shoe-maker

Menahwenahgowd, v. look pleasant

Meneweyook, v. be fruitful

Megeskun, n. a hook

Mezesok, n. a horse-fly

Mahwahdooskahegun, n. a rake

Mookoojegun, n. a plane, or drawing-knife

Mahskemood, n. a bag

Moonegwana, n. a meadow-lark

Meshawa, n. an elk

Mahskekeweneneh, n. a physician.

N.

Nebahgun, n. a bed, a place to sleep on

Newewesin, I want to eat

Nonggon, adj. light

Nee, Ne, pro. I, me, my

Negah, n. my mother

Neezhe, adj. two

Nesweh, adj. three

Newin, adj. four

Nahnun, adj. five

Newob, v. I see

Noongoom, adv. now

Nahgudge, adv. little while

Nedaih, n. my heart

Nekod, n. my leg

Noodin, n. wind

Nahdin, v. go and fetch it

Nezid, n. my foot

Nagowh, n. sand

Noodosh, adj. least

Neenatah, but me, only me

Nezhekaih, adj. alone

Netum, adj. first

Negaun, prep. before

Nahpahna, n. flour

Nahsahkoonun, open it

Nebahkahda, I am hungry

Nahbahgesug, n. a board

Nahgahmoowin, n. a hymn, or a song

Nahme-eding, pt. meeting

Nahongahnik, n. a maid

Nahwahye-ee, n. diameter

Nejekewa, n. a comrade

Nejee, n. a friend

Nanahdahwe-ewaid, n. a saviour

Nahbequon, n. a vessel, a ship

Nahbequahneshee, n. a sailor, or a man that sails or attends ships

Nebewah, n. many

Nahboob, n. soup

Neweahyahwah, I want him

Nasawin, n. breath

Nedezedaahe, v. I dare

Nahzequaegun, n. a curry-comb

Nekebee, covered with water, or overflowed

Nayob, back again

Nahgowh, n. a sleeve

Nedenaindum, v. I think

Nahwahquay, n. the middle of the day, noon

Neskahdezewin, n. anger

Nasagwahbedaoonance, n. a pin, which signifies to prick with

Negekaindaun, v. I know

Nebwahkahwin, n. wisdom

Newahwezhandum, v. I am glad

Nahmahdahbin, v. sit thou

Nahmahdahbing, v. to sit

Noodahgoozing, pt. roaring

Nedekedoowin, my word

Negetim, I am lazy

Nezheka, adv. apart

Nesahye-ee, adv. down

Negaunnahkayah, adv. forward

Nesahye-ee, prep. below

Nahwahye-ee, prep. amidst

Nahmaih, n. a sturgeon

Nahmabin, n. mullet

Nekah, n. a wild goose

Nahkayah, n. a way

Nebeh, n. water

Nebeeng, In the water

O.

Ogemah, n. a chief

Oojechog, n. a soul

Oondaus, v. to come

Omah, adv. here

Owh, a. the

Oowh, pro. this

Oogooh, pro. those, their

Oogemekaun, he found it

Oogeoozhetoon, he made it

Oodahpenun, take it

Oonekig, n. a parent

Oopegagun, n. a rib

Opequoj, n. an air-bladder

Oonzegun, n. a boiler, or a kettle

Oodanggowh, n. his face,—
[for an explanation of this and several of the following words, see page 21]

Oochauze, n. his nose

Oodoon, n. his mouth

Onowh, n. his cheek

Ostegawn, n. his head

Oskezhizk, n. his eye

Omahmowh, n. eyebrow

Odanegoom, n. nostril

Odaih, n. heart

Onik, n. arm

Otahwug, n. ear

Okod, n. leg

Ozid, n. foot

Onoogun, n. hip

Onindj, n. hand

Ojetud, n. tendon

Oquagun, n. neck

Opequon, n. back

Obowm, n. thigh

Okahkegun, n. breast

Ozhebeenguyh, n. tear

Omesud, n. paunch

Odoosquahyob, n. vein

Okun, n. bone

Odaewaun, n. their heart

Oskunze, n. nail of the finger and the hoof of a horse, or all kinds of hoofs

Odaun, n. daughter

Ootanowh, n. town, city, village, however we say kecheotanowh for great town or city, by adding nance, it means small town or village

Odataig, n. gills of a fish

Onejegun, n. fin of a fish

Ozhegown, n. tail of a fish

Okodahkik, n. a pot, a kettle that has legs, or a leg-kettle

Oozaum, adv. too much

Oogee, pro. he

Opin, n. a potatoe

Obewuyh, n. fur

Omemee, n. a pigeon

Onegwegun, n. a wing

Oskenahway, n. a youth, a young man

Odahbaun, n. a sled

Ongwahmezin, be ye faithful

Oogaah, n. pickerel

Ogejebeeg, surface of the water

Ozhahwahnoong, n. south

Okayahwis, n. herring

Oojeeg, n. a fisher

Ogah, n. mother

Oose, n. father

Opecheh, n. a robin

Onesheshid, a clever one

Ookoozhe, n. a beak

Oskezegookahjegun, n. spectacle

Onahgooshig, n. the evening

Okahquon, n. shin

Ogeeozheaun, he made them

Ogeeozhetoon, he made it

Oskunzhekahjegun, n. a horse-shoe

Oombahquahegun, n. a lever

P.

Pabahmahjemood, n. a messenger

Poonahkunjegun, n. anchor

Pookedoonze, n. a pear

Pahdahkemoojeskahjegun, n. a spur

Pewakoodahmahgun, n. shavings

Pahketaegun, n. a hammer

Pemenegun, n. a gimlet, an auger

Penahquahn, n. a comb

Pezhekeence, n. a calf

Pesahkahmegeboojegun, n. a harrow

Pequahegun, n. a hill

Pabahbahgahne, n. a pancake

Pazhegwahnoong, one place

Panggwon, adj. dry

Pahquonge, n. a stump

Pahgasaun, n. a plum

Pahpenadumoowin, n. happiness

Pahquazhegun, n. bread

Pahskezegun, n. a gun

Pahquazhegunush, n. wheat

Pahnezid, adj. holy

Pazhegoogahzhee, n. a horse or an animal not cloven-footed

Pashebeegun, n. a rule

Peshegaindahgoozewin, n. glory

Pepoon, n. winter

Pezahneewawin, n. peace

Pahzegween, v. to arise

Penasewug, n. fowls

Pewahbum, v. come and see him

Pewahbundun, v. come and see it

Pajeewe, adj. weak

Pesahgeskebik, n. darkness

Pesekun, put it on

Peenzekahwahgun, n. a coat or loose garment

Pahwahbekezegun, n. a stove or an iron box that is capable of being warmed through

Pahzhejeahje-ee, prep. over

Peendahgun, n. a pocket or pouch

Peendig, n. inside

Paquahkoostegowng, block-headed

Pequahquod, n. a ball or knot

Poodahwain, make fire

Poodahjegun, n. a musical or blowing instrument

Pookedaemin, n. a mandrake

Pahmetahgun, n. a servant

Pahbegwah, adj. rough

Pahquahskezhegun, n. a scythe

Papahmebahegood, n. a rider, a name for a dragoon

Pamahdezid, the living

Pahsquagin, n. leather

Pahbahgewahyaun, n. a shirt, calico

Pengwahshahgid, adj. naked

Pezindun, v. to hear, to listen

Pinggweh, n. ashes

Pungee, adj. little, not enough

Peendegaye-ee, prep. within

Pegiwh, n. gum, wax

Pemeday, n. oil, grease

Pequok, n. an arrow

Pooch, v. must

Pahkahahquay, n. a cock,—this bird has derived its name from its crowing; so nearly all birds

Pahpahsay, n. a wood-pecker; this, from its pecking

Penaih, n. a partridge

Pahkaunnahkayah, adv. another way

Q.

Quatahmegwaindahgoozid, n. the Almighty

Quewesance, n. a boy

Quahnoj, adj. good

Quakenun, turn it over

Quesqueshin, n. a whistle

Quahbahegun, n. a shovel

Quahnahjewun, adj. handsome

Quaich, adj. tenth

Quiyuk, adv. straight, right

Quaichegooh, just as

S.

Shahgooda-a, n. a coward

Shahwanemeshin, bless me

Shewetahgun, n. salt

Shahwemin, n. a grape

Shemahgun, n. a shield

Shooneyah, n. silver, money

Shenganedewin, n. hatred

Sahnahgud, adj. difficult

Sahkahown, n. a cane

Sanahbanh, n. silk, or ribin

Sasahbob, n. a rope, thread

Shongahswak, adj. nine hundred

Shewahbik, n. alum, or iron of an acid taste

Shewon, adj. sour

Shonggahsweh, adj. nine

Sebeeh, n. a river

Sebeeng, in the river

Shegah, n. a widow

Shinggwok, n. a pine tree

Shahgahnosh, a white man

Shinggoos, n. a weasel

Shonggwasheh, n. a mink

Shepahye-ee, prep. through

Shegog, n. a skunk

Shesheeb, n. a duck

Sahgahquahegun, n. a nail

Shegwanahbik, n. a grind-stone

Shegwanahwis, n. fish-worm

Shesheeb-ahkik, n. a tea-kettle; (see shesheeb and ahkik,)

Sahgedoonabejegun, n. a bridle

Sahgahegun, n. a screw

Shegahgahwinze, n. an onion

Shahboonegaunce, n. a needle, it signifies to pull or push through

T.

Tahnahgwud, v. appear

Tedebawe, n. the shore

Tebahegezeswon, n. a watch or clock

Tabanegaid, n. Lord

Tabahkoonewaid, n. a judge or ruler

Tebahkoonegawin, n. judgment

Tabwayaindahmoowin, n. a creed

Takoonewaid, n. a constable

Tabwawin, n. truth

Tahbeskooch, v. to equal

Tahweahyah, n. space

Tabwatun, v. believe thou

Tebahegun, n. a measure; by adding ce, we have, cup

Toodooshahboo, n. milk

Tawaegun, n. a drum; (see mahdwayahbegahegun,)

Tegowh, n. a wave

Tebik, n. night

Tahgah, v. to let

Tahwah, int. alas!

U.

Undoom, call him

Umba, come and let us go

W.

Wah, pro. what

Wahwon, n. an egg

Weyos, n. flesh, meat

Webid, n. a tooth

Ween, pro. him

Wewon, his wife

Waquain, pro. whoever

Wewahquon, n. a hat

Wahbegun, n. clay

Wahsayah, n. light

Wagoonan, what is it?

Wekah, long before

Wahbemin, n. an apple

Weendun, tell it

Wanain, who is it?

Weyowh, n. a body

Wahjewh, n. a mountain or hill

Wahowh, pro. this

Wenegun, n. marrow

Wenesis, n. hair

Wanankeen, who art thou?

Wesabgun, adj. bitter

Wagoosing, n. the son

Wahbeda, v. to ripen

Wenin, n. fat

Wahnekaun, n. a ditch

Wahbezewin, n. paleness

Weenzhoob, n. gall

Wenud, adj. dirty

Wahwahbegoonojhee, n. a mouse

Wahsahkoonajegun, n. a candle, or a thing that produces light

Wahsachegun, n. a window

Wahbahnahnug, n. the morning-star

Wahsahmoowin, n. lightning

Wesenewagun, n. a table, or something to eat on

Wegewaum, n. a house

Wetookahweshin, help me

Wetoopahmeshin, eat with me

Wanepuzhe, adv. freely

Wahyaskud, in the beginning

Weendahmahweshin, tell me

Wahgedahkahmig, on land

Wawaneh, thank you

Wahsahgung, n. pepper, or a bitter substance

Wahskoobung, adj. sweet

Wekahnesun, his brother

Wahwazhetaun, v. prepare thou

Wahnahgak, n. bark

Wahbemoojechaugown, n. a looking-glass; something used to see the image in

Weendegooh, n. a giant

Weyahgahsahne, n. dust

Wedookoodahdedah, let us help each other

Wequajeoong, v. to struggle

Wenaindib, n. brains

Wahbezhasheh, n. a martin

Wahwahskasheh, n. a deer

Wahwahtaseh, n. a lightning-bug

Wahwahyayah, adj. round

Wahgoosh, n. a fox

Wahnesquazewin, n. carelessness

Wahgahquod, n. an axe

Wahbahbik, n. tin

Wahbejeskezhegwa, adj. wall-eyed

Wob, v. to see

Wahzeswon, n. a nest

Wahbooyon, n. a blanket

Wahnechega, v. to misdo

Wahnewenon, v. to mislead

Wahbemenahboo, n. cider

Wesahgok, n. ash

Wegwos, n. birch tree, and its bark

Wegoobeminze, n. bass-wood

Wak, n. spawn

Z.

Zhahwanedewin, n. love

Zahzahgewejegun, n. an offering

Zagezewin, v. to fear

Zegahundahgawin, n. baptism

Zhahgemaih, n. a musketoe

Zheezebahquod, n. sugar.

Notes on Updated Text

This section comes from a reader1 who knows considerably more Ojibwe than the transcriber (who knows none at all):

Orthography

Forms in
"Chipeway
Spellings"
Equivalent
in Fiero
orthography

ah
a, aa, aanh

au, aw
aa

aih
e, enh

a, ai, -ay
e

e, eh
i, ii

ee, eeh
ii, iinh

i
i, ii, ay

oo
o, oo

ooh
o, oo, oonh

ou
—

o
a, aa

u
a, w

w-, -wh
w

y
y, ay

ch, j
j, ch

ck
k

k, g, gk
g, k

m, -hm
m

n
n

-nce
-ns

p, b, -be
b, p

qu
gw, kw

s, z, -se
s, z

sh, zh, -zhe
zh, sh

sk, sch
sk, shk

sp
shp

squ
skw, shkw

st
sht

t, d, -dt, -te, -de, td-
d, t

Author of Spelling book:

I am convinced that 'Spelling' is by Peter Jones, as he was commissioned to put together a spelling book on June 2, 1828, and presented the manuscript to a printer in York on June 19, 1828, for the Methodist Indian Missionary School he ran, which Conference Missionary Society was a Methodist society. Also, in his book Life and journals of Kah-ke-wa-quo-na-by, in the journal entry for the 19th, it says, "Arrived at York in the afternoon, and commenced getting a small Indian spelling book, which I had written, printed at Mr. McKenzie's office." and considering "Spelling" was only 12 printed pages—3 sheets of paper—that, I think, does qualify as "a small Indian spelling book."

Syncope:

Several words are presented in a partial syncope form. For example, gagiinawishkiwin to mean a fib, a lie or a falsehood, in the partial syncope form is ggiinawishkiwin, and the full syncope form is ggiinwishkwin. Summerfield presents this word as Kenahweskewin, n. falsehood, which seems to match the partial syncope form of the word. However, if this partial syncope is noted, so should the dozen or so other words shown in partial syncope.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SKETCH OF GRAMMAR OF THE CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGES ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.