The Project Gutenberg eBook of Magazine, or Animadversions on the English Spelling (1703)

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Magazine, or Animadversions on the English Spelling (1703)

Author: G. W.

Author of introduction, etc.: David Abercrombie

Dubious author: master of a boarding-school John White

John Wild

Release date: December 18, 2006 [eBook #20130]

Language: English

Original publication: Los Angeles: The Augustan Reprint Society, 1958

Credits: Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAGAZINE, OR ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE ENGLISH SPELLING (1703) ***

This e-text includes a few Greek and Hebrew letters:

ayin ע, dalet ד, he ה, shin ש;
gamma Γ γ, theta Θ θ

If any of these characters do not display properly, or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your browser’s default font.

In the printed text, the author’s special letters were represented by ordinary roman letters turned upside-down. They are shown in this e-text by single letters in [brackets]. Alternative readings of selected passages are given at the end of the text.

A few clear typographical errors have been corrected. They have been marked in the text with mouse-hover popups. Uncertain readings have been similarly marked, but left unchanged.

In addition to the ordinary page numbers, the printed text labeled the recto (odd) pages of the first four leaves of each 16-page signature. These will appear in the right margin as A, A2, A3...

The Augustan Reprint Society

G. W.

MAGAZINE, OR
ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE
ENGLISH SPELLING

(1703)

Introduction by
David Abercrombie

Publication Number 70

Los Angeles
William Andrews Clark Memorial Library
University of California
1958

Editor’s Introduction

Magazine

Augustan Reprint Society publications

Material added by transcriber:
Transcriber’s Footnotes and Alternative Readings
“Nottingham Printing Perfected” broadsheet

GENERAL EDITORS

Richard C. Boys, University of Michigan
Ralph Cohen, University of California, Los Angeles
Vinton A. Dearing, University of California, Los Angeles
Lawrence Clark Powell, Clark Memorial Library

ASSISTANT EDITOR

W. Earl Britton, University of Michigan

ADVISORY EDITORS

Emmett L. Avery, State College of Washington
Benjamin Boyce, Duke University
Louis Bredvold, University of Michigan
John Butt, King’s College, University of Durham
James L. Clifford, Columbia University
Arthur Friedman, University of Chicago
Louis A. Landa, Princeton University
Samuel H. Monk, University of Minnesota
Ernest C. Mossner, University of Texas
James Sutherland, University College, London
H. T. Swedenberg, Jr., University of California, Los Angeles

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY

Edna C. Davis, Clark Memorial Library

INTRODUCTION

I first came across what is, as far as I know, the unique copy of Magazine, by G. W., when working in the library formed by the late Sir Isaac Pitman.1 It is bound up as the last item in a volume which contains several nineteenth-century pamphlets on language and spelling, and also the first numbers of the periodical The Phonetic Friend. (The volume was for a time in the possession of the Bath City Free Library, to which it was presented by Isaac Pitman; it must subsequently have been returned to him.) I drew attention to the existence of Magazine in an article published in 1937;2 to the best of my knowledge it had not been noticed in print before that, though it is of considerable interest in a number of respects. I am indebted to Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd., London, for permission to reproduce the pamphlet herewith in the Augustan Reprints.

G. W. was a spelling reformer, one of the many writers who, from early Elizabethan times onwards, have been critical of traditional English orthography and have made proposals for improving it. Although nothing that could be called a spelling-reform “movement” existed until the nineteenth century, there were earlier periods when the subject was much in the air, when a number of people were writing about it and reading and discussing each other’s ideas. The publication of Magazine does not fall at one of these times; it comes, in fact, in the very middle of a recession of interest in spelling reform which lasted almost a hundred years. From about 1650 to 1750 there were few critics of our orthography, and they were usually neither very strong in their criticisms nor radical in their proposals for amendment. G. W. is thus a somewhat isolated figure, and his scheme for reform would appear, in its details at least, to be fairly original.

The greater part of the pamphlet is given over to expounding the illogicalities and inconsistencies of the established spelling, and here G. W.’s style of writing, which is colloquial, racy and allusive, is effective enough. It is not so well suited, however, to orderly and clear exposition of his proposed amendment--unfortunately, since this is what is likely to be of most interest to us today (and numerous misprints increase the difficulties of grasping his proposals). Perhaps there was, or was to have been, a sequel which would have stated his reforms more systematically; that this may have been the case appears from the statement on p. 25 that the alphabet “is preparing,” and from the mention, on the last page, of “the ensuing Batl-dur” (i.e. battledore or hornbook). His remedy, briefly, is to replace digraphs by new symbols: “more Letters would do well in the Alfabet, but fewer in most words” (p. 25); and, like John Hart before him (whose works perhaps he knew) and Bernard Shaw after, he draws attention to the economies to be gained from this: “if fewer Letters will serve the turn, ’twill save Paper and Ink, and ’tis strange, if not labour too” (p. 5).

On p. 32 is exhibited “a compleat Alfebet” of 34 symbols (it is not complete, for L has, apparently inadvertently, been omitted). Although there is no indication there of the value each symbol should have, that of most of them can be worked out, with some labor, from the rest of the pamphlet (though a few must probably remain mysteries). I have commented elsewhere3 on this scheme of reformed spelling; it appears to us today to be theoretically quite creditable, at least as far as the consonants are concerned. The traditional alphabet is enlarged by providing a separate symbol for the italicized sounds in each of the following words: thin then church judge shall measure when sing; these symbols are obtained partly by creating new ones, partly by redefining existing letters. In two cases existing letters are redefined in accordance with a rather odd principle—that the traditional name of a letter must decide its value. Hence h is used to spell church (which becomes “hurh”), and g is used to spell judge (which becomes “gug”). This of course makes it necessary for G. W. to include among his new symbols one for /h/ and one for /g/. The new symbols as used in the pamphlet are produced by inverting or reversing existing letters; but these may possibly be makeshifts, used in place of more ambitious shapes which were beyond the reach of his printer; he suggests, for instance (p. 20) “the sign Taurus with a Foot-Ball between his horns” as one of his vowel symbols. On the whole, we find the vowels much less systematically tackled than the consonants, and it is proposed that accents (“cambrils”) should for the most part be used to provide extra symbols; the pamphlet, however, only exemplifies this sporadically.

Magazine contains a considerable number of words, and a few consecutive texts, transcribed partly or wholly in the new system of spelling, and these necessarily will have to be assessed as evidence of contemporary English pronunciation by students of the subject. It is not easy to be sure how accurate a phonetic observer and transcriber G. W. was, but if we make some allowance for misprints, we find a certain consistency in his transcriptions, and an apparent freedom from any bias given by the traditional spelling, which make one think he was moderately reliable. In this connexion it is of some importance to find out, if possible, where he came from. He shows familiarity both with northern and western types of speech; but although he seems to imply, on p. 7, that he is not a North-countryman, E. J. Dobson has found, on the basis of certain forms which appear in the pamphlet, that there is a strong suggestion that he spoke a northern dialect.4

Until recently I had been able to form no idea of the identity of G. W. However, it new seems to be very possible that he was John White, a Devon schoolmaster, and author of The Country-Man’s Conductor in Reading and Writing True English, which was published in Exeter in 1701.5 The name John, in G. W.’s reformed spelling, would of course begin with G (it is indeed so spelled on p. 15). White was interested in spelling reform, as we know from various remarks in his book; and if he was G. W., it would explain the familiarity shown in Magazine with western dialect. What is particularly striking, moreover, is the similarity of White’s style to G. W.’s, as the following quotations from The Country-Man’s Conductor will show: of certain grammarians, “you shall seldom hear them speak Latin but in Ale-Houses, or when they are well oil’d”; of specimens of early English, “some may laugh at it, and thereby expose their rusty Teeth that will look as old as the English”; of using an accent to show long vowels, “this would look strange ’till it come in fashion, but in time would set as tite as Topknots do now.”

One final resemblance must be mentioned. Whether or not White was G. W., there can hardly be any doubt that Magazine was printed by Samuel Farley of Exeter, the printer of White’s book. The typographical similarity between Magazine and The Country-Man’s Conductor (and other works printed by Farley) is too complete to be coincidental. Not only are the identical fonts used, but there are numerous other points where the general manner of printing is the same.

Further research may confirm White’s authorship, but there is certainly no other obvious candidate among the writers of the time.

David Abercrombie

University of Edinburgh

NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION

1. This library is now housed in the offices of Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., Parker Street, London, W.C. 2.

2. Le Maitre Phonetique, No. 59, p. 34. Some of the verses on p. 22 of the pamphlet are reproduced there.

3. In the Transactions of the Philological Society, 1948, pp. 11 ff.; Lingua, Vol. 2, 1949, p. 60.

4. English Pronunciation 1500-1700, Vol. 1, p. 267. In Vol. II, p. 977, Dobson says “G. W. was certainly a Northerner.”

5. A “second edition” called The Conductor in Spelling, Reading & Writing, True English, dated 1712, is identical with the first except for the title-page.

MAGAZINE,

OR,

ANIMADVERSIONS

ON THE

English Spelling;

OBSERVING

The Contradictions of the English Letters Warring themselves against themselves, and one with another, by Intrusions and Usurpations; with Amendment offer’d.

For the Benefit of all Teachers and Learners, Writers and Readers, Composers and Scriveners, whether Strangers or Natives, who are concern’d with our English Tongue.

Nunquam sera est ad bonos mores via. Syntax.

By G. W.

LONDON: Printed for the Author. 1703.
Price Sixpence.

Magazine, that is low Learning, too high for the Capacity of the Vulgar; Or the Schooler School’d. viz, Babel pull’d down, and Confusion Confounded. The latter Survey of the English Letters, and ways of Amendment, where things are too much amiss to be excus’d, only referring all to the good will of those that are willing to amend their perceiv’d mistakes and unwilling to fall into their former Errors again.

Q. Horatij Flacci, Epistolarum Liber secundus.
Ad Augustum Epist. I. Paulo post initium.

Si meliora dies, ut vina poemata reddit
Scire velim: Pretium chartis quotus arrogat annus.
Scriptor abhinc annos centum qui decidit, inter
Perfectos veteresque, referri debet, an inter
Viles atque novos? Excludat jurgia finis.
Est vetus atque probus centum qui perficit annos.
Quid? Qui deperiit minor uno mense vel anno.
Inter quos referendvs erit veteresne poetas.
An quos & præsens & postera respuat ætas?
Iste quidem veteres, inter ponetur honeste.
Qui vel mense brevi vel toto est junior anno.
Utor permisso; caudaque pilos ut equina
Paulatim vello, & demo unum, demo etiam unum.
Dum cadat.——

The Second Book of Epistles of Quintus, Horatius, Flaccus.
The First Epistle unto the Emperour Augustus Cæsar,
in whose days our Saviour Christ was Born.

Thus English’d.

There is a thing I fain would know,
As Age doth make Wines better;

Whether to Papers it doth so,
And what’s Writ on’t with Letter,

And what Age gives a Reverence
To Papers, I would know:

If Authors Credits got by Tense
Of Hundred Years or mo?

An Ancient currant Author then,
And Hundred Years is Old?

Or is he of the Slight Gown men,
That Writ then as ’tis told?

Set down the time that strife may cease:
And hundred Years is good,

If one Month short, or Year he bears,
Doth he slick in the Mud?

No, for one Month or Year, we grant,
And very honestly too;

He shall be counted Ancient
Without so much ado.

What you do grant, I’m very free
To use now at my pleasure:

Another Month, or Year, d’ ye see
I’ll bate, as I have leasure;

So Hair by Hair, from the Mare’s Tail
I’ll pull, as well I may.

So what is good, is quickly stale,
Though Writ but t’ other day.

That we make something to discoure upon further, I’ll take an Example or two from the two Tables, wherein one Sound is Spell’d diverse ways, and again the same Letters make diverse Sounds.

FIrst then, âz, dayes, praise, phrase, gaze.

A. Asia, day, fair, wear, heir.

E. Phebe, key, the, sea, yea, weigh, either, holy.

I. Why, I, high, try, tie, buy.

O. Who, know, bow, toe, tow, dough.

U. True, dew, Hugh, neuter, give, you,  gaol, jaylor, goal, John, gives dat; gives compedes, gill of fishes, gill of water, ague, plague, anger, and danger, guard, reguard, spring, a well, spring of steele, jet, and ginger, and finger, ghost, god, and Ghurmes, and age, ages, cares.

Our Children are not Witches, that they should guess to Read right by the Letter, such stuff as this, and the Masters are no very great Conjurers, to perceive nothing; what contradictions they make ’em swallow.

First then dayes, that is da—yes, why should not yes spell yes at the end, as well as at the beginning of a word: Again, why might we not spell dayes thus, daise as well as praise, and spell praises, prayes, da—i—se: I see day, why not se, see, as well as he, h—? And why not dase, dayes, and phrayes, phrase, or phraise, phrase, and daze, dayes; and why not daze, or dase, daisey, or daisy, hei, daisy: how can Ladies be blam’d for Writing bad English, when Scholars spell no better?

A, as Asia, why not da; fare and ware; how can one Vowel have another, at command to make it long; a circumflex might do it. But you answer it is our custom, and Books would not be read if we change the spelling; but is there not a right spelling as Ancient as wrong? Is not the as ancient as weigh, yea, sea, holy, key. Then ’tis wit to use the proper spelling, and leave off impertinencies; and if fewer Letters will serve the turn, ’twill save Paper and Ink, and ’tis strange, if not labour too, for Writers; no doubt for Teachers it will.

And how many ways do we pronounce you? yo, yau, yeu, yiu, you, yuu, yet every dialect praise their own Speech, nay in Towns near together, nay in the same Town, nay in the same House, persons born in other places, differ in pronounciation, and many delight to hear different dialects (as the Grecians did) so they did but understand one another, though some precise Females do condemn all but their own finical pronunciation.

But why should phrase be spell’d with ph and s, and not f and z? Because you say its Original is a Greek word: But it hath been long enough freely us’d amongst us, that it may claim prescription for a Licence to put on the English garb, and suits pretty well with the Original φραζω and hath it not a single f in Greek? So might be frâz, and take with it the Greek Precispomene, its right.

But if we spell praise thus, prayes we alter the sense. Why the Eyes are as much in the dark to distinguish sound, as the Ears are put to silence at the shape of Letters, and which of these is the fitter judge in this Controversy, to bring knowledge to the Understanding? That is to be observ’d well: But what’s Learnt in Childhood is uncontroulable, as good as prescription of an hundred years, and a School-Dames authority is irrefragable, as the Proverb says, Early crookes the Tree, that will good Cambrill be: That to unlearn a Youthful Error, is more than to serve an Apprentiseship, or take the Degree of a Doctor or Serjeant. For these are deaf and dumb to Learn the contrary, as the dead Letters they have Learn’d, though I am loath to compare them to the English Doctor Burnet’s Antidiluvian People pettrify’d in the Alps, which he saw in his Travails:

But in some parts they speak as we spell: Though the Countryman of the North in Apron and Iron, pronounce o after r, and we before it: Why should we keep their spelling, having lost their speech, and why should they not still keep their spelling of old, who still keep the speech? ’Tis this thought by some of the Learned, that English is the hardest Language in the World; for that Foreigners coming over, being past Children, never have our speech right, but may be discern’d to be no English born, whereas we after a short abode in out-Lands, speak their Tongue as well as Natives: Our folk being a mixture of many Nations, is so of Languages: But ’tis a wonder, so free as we are to take in their words, we take not in their Letters also. The Latines have but Twelve Consonants, and Five Vowels, and h, but the Greek and Hebrew may furnish us with Letters. The Neighbouring Countries are at a loss for them as well as we. If our credit be good, we want to borrow Two letters of the Greek, Gama, and Theta, and Four of the Hebrew, Thaleth, He, Aim, and Shin, and we should be set up, and with what shift we can make of our own.

In the first place what is the English of Quotus? But now my Pen is silenc’d, except I borrow the Two Greek Letters, and Thaleth of the Hebrew, and the Acute, and Greek Circumflex, to tell how Gótham, Gotherd, or gather, is to be red, and which is ment of the 24.

Gôtham, [G]ôtham, Gótham, [G]ótham, Gô[t]am, [G]ó[t]am, Gó[t]am, [G]ó[t]am, Gô[c]am, [G]ô[c]am, Gó[c]am, [G]ó[c]am, Gothâm, [G]othâm, Gothâm, [G]othâm, Go[t]âm, [G]o[t]âm, Go[t]ám, [G]o[t]ám, Go[c]âm, [G]o[c]âm, Gothâm, Go[c]âm.

With letter-substitution

[G] is Gama, [T] is Theta, [D] Thaleth; ’tis strange my Tongue should be longer than my Arms, without eking. ’Tis hard for Dunces to understand this as all willful Fools are. Humble humility is better than the miserable wisdom of the merciless knowledge of error. Cunning fooleries and vanities unlock’d for, to spell the same sound diverse ways, and when you have all done, you are but where you was, as prayes, praise, prasy. For why may not y stand for nothing after s, as well as after a, as may: But where no reason there is for custom, custom is no reason. Dasye, and dayes is all one. As the fool thinks, so the Bell chinks, for our Letters are like Wimondes-woles Bells. Sure if we have these tricks, we have more. Why if y doth no good, it doth nothing. But I have a mind it shall stand an out-side there out of the way, as daisy, is dayes. Doth (GOD) spell the Creator, it spells an Hebrew Letter as well. If you hold your book the wrong end upward. I’ve nothing to say against it, for ’tis your own, and you may hold it as you please.

But to go on according to Prescript.

2. Whether or no are our 24 LettersA sufficient to spell all the words of our English Tongue.

3. Whether or no if they be sufficient to spell all words us’d for English in our books, they be not sufficient to spell all Languages; if England be like Rome, Conquering all Nations, took in the Idola[t]ry of all Laws, so England being Conquer’d by all, hath not got the rubish of all Languages.

4. Whether or no we make good and proper use of those Letters we have.

5. Whether the old use and custom of the Letters for an hundred Years or more, be sufficient for justifying the mispelling most words, us’d to this day, or whether we had not better mend late than never.

Hereupon we argue. First, It is granted that we have not yet proper English for all words in other Languages, nor Letters sufficient to express our own; as Authors from time to time do justifie, who have bin so little taken notice of by the publick (though there is some small amendment made, that can scarce be perceiv’d). The latter Authors mentioning the former, all Men of no small Note.

Secondly, There was as good reason for amendment an Hundred Years ago, as there is now, and will be as good reason an Hundred years hence to delay the amendment, as their is now; not altering a tittle of the known Pronounciation of the words, but only of the spelling. That the Letters may be of good use, and we need not to Read all by authority, as the very Learned Men are forc’d to do in yet unknown words still; so little assistance do the Letters yield them, that they the more might pitty young beginners. Which thing hath made a many Foreigners (and no marvel at all) of all the Neighbouring Nations to throw away their Books and Study of English, as their English Grammars, as well as our own, do sufficiently declare.

Thus to maintain a thing always unreasonable, will always be (as it hath bin) a thing unreasonable and after this rate an error everlasting.

But it is answer’d, that many words be thus Spell’d to shew their derivations. That need not be objected, when Scholars can find out the Etymologyes, when scarce one Letter remains of their Original, more than James from Jacob, Thaddæus and Lebbæus, from Jude the honest, or Judas, not Iscareat, and Didymus from Thomas, Giles, Ægidius. As for changing the Letters, I shall hope they will put the devines in; I fear not that they can put the Lawyers out.

What advantage or disadvantage it may be to Booksellers or Printers, as none of my business, I leave to their consideration.

But now to strike at the root of so many errors begotten by false Letters, besides a false finical speech according to the Letters, being illeterately litterate, as calf, haut, goust.

The Second Part of low Learning high.

The Order.

1.
Vowels, 2. Diphthongs, 3. Consonants.

A is us’d 7 ways, and other Vowels so;
When thus, or so, it doth amaze, we have no mark to know.

First, A long in Chamber changed danger commanded. Secondly, Short in Amber hang’d Anger, Understanding.

Now suppose Rennard the Fox, or the like old book, was Reprinted, and â long Cambril’d, (which the Greeks call Perispomene) and a short not, would not that be a good guide for reading old Rennard unreprinted, with a right pronounciation, though there be no difference in a long or short.

Next, if it would please the wisdom of foolish custom (in whose errors of this kind (though in nothing else) all Religions meet) being long enough advis’d in time, to think fit to amend in the Copy, or at least in the Margin, where words are far otherwise spell’d, than they are pronounc’d (which the Hebrews call Kery and Kethiu; the Copy as written, but Kery the Margin as read, mark’d with Asterisk, one to the other)B I believe our Printers could as easily Cambril our English Vowels, as Circumflex the Latin, which would be a sure guide for reading.

3dly and 4thly, A short without either rule or reason before a Consonant or two, with e after, as ace, acre, able, unstable, father, with A long, and solace, massacre, constable, gather, with A short.

5thly, A put for A Cambril to make e or o long, as bear, greater, broad, board. 6thly, Put like a Cambril, and is not a Cambril, neither, as Beatrice, create, creatour: So is i a false Cambril to a, as foraigners. When a person is in Commission, he should wear the livery of his Office; but when he signifies nothing, he should not put it on, nay rather, he had better keep at home.

7thly, A standing for just nothing, but as the shadow of a Cambril, as heaven, earth, bread, head, realm, meadow, read in the Preterperfect Tense.

In a Rail of Pales, if one be out to let in one Hog, ’tis enough to let in the whole Herd into the Close, is an observation applicable to the premisses.

E long and short, and we can see no cause for’t in equally and equity, in cement, regard, torment, rebell, register, long and short in the same words being Acute when Verbs, and penacute when Nounes. But any Child or Foreigner, that never heard the words spoken, might uneasily guess at the true pronunciation by the sense, That an Acute would be a great ease and comfort to the Reader and Teacher, and no great trouble to the Printer.

3dly, and 4thly, E long and short before 2 Cambrils to bear up its train, viz. e before, and e after a Consonant, also g and e, or i and gh, 3 Cambrils, as eare, beare, with a and e; but here with but one Cambril; weigh with 2 or 3: In east, bread, stead, it makes no use of the Cambrils, only for state A must dance attendance, as in many hundreds more.

5thly, and 6thly, e long and short before a consonant or 2, and another e, as steple, people, treble and indeleble.

7thly, Syllables are long without e for a Cambril, as dost, most, ghost, bright, right, sign, design, and short, notwithstanding e Cambril as hence, since, prince, possible, facile, but Prince and Simple proper Names be spoken, with i long, that an unknown Reader mistake not the persons names.

But how nonsensically e is us’d in the end of syllables short in live, love, gives, but long, alive, and gives (fetters) and is pronounc’d and unpronounc’d before s, as rages, wages, cages, horses, asses, churches, and porches, and not in cares, fears, hopes, robes, bones, and making i long and not, as writer, fighter, mitre, hither and thither: In whether, e short, and weather, in neither e long; likewise e is pronounc’d and unpronounc’d in the middle, as commandements, righteous, covetous, stupefie, not in careful, careless, grateful, feareful; not in wednesday, and is pronounc’d after a diphthong or double consonant, very needlesly, as in inne, Anne, asse, poore, roome, joye, cause, laws, coife, choice, juice, and as badly after syllables made long by a or i, as feares, roads, theire, veine, veile, either. In Beresford the latter e is mispronounced by Scholarship, mistaken to make it trissylable.

8thly, E is pronounc’d sometimes singly in the end of words, as in Phebe, Cyrene, Penelope, Euterpe. But these be Greek words, but so is not the and be. But what an Husteron proteran is this to teach the Greek Grammar before the Battledore.

9thly, E put for a in they, their, and for i in ever, never, evil, wevil, devil.

10th, E put for ee, as Peter, Steven, even, he, she, me, we. And sometimes ie for the same, as yield, believe, friend, and otherwise in fiend, friend, diet, quiet, but not alike neither, but let that run upon th’ tongue, made long in people by o, also infeoffe, heofness. viz. Heavens, (f pronounc’d as v) left out in George, biere, friend, leave out i, sieve, e; diet; and quiet, take in both.

11th, EE for e long, as beere, drink, deere, venison.

12th, Sometimes ee for twice, e, as Beersheba, overseer.

13th, Y and e, both for one Cambril, because one was perhaps to weak. Though one Cambril seems enough for one small veile, as dayes, wayes; also i and e, as haires, praise, and w and e, as showes, knows, crowes, not in lose. But why may not w serve after a and e, and y after o, I  know not. Methinks the dead Letters should not be coye on what Cambril they’re hang’d on; but I must ask the Butchers, and what doth e after Ile, for I will.

14th, E defective in seest, fleeth, freeest, agreed; that prodigal as e is of its company, should ever be wanting is a wonder; where there ought to be 3 ease, or ez, or thrice e, two for a diphthong, if it may be one for the syllable, that the distiction may seeme not heard between seeth, beholdeth, and see the boile, e is added.

But alas it is objected lately within this Seven years by G. B. that Compositors leav out E in days and ways, and such like; Garamercy for that! But why do they not leav out y also, which signifies not more, but les than e: And why is not i and e cast out of praise and raise, and e from wife and strife, which adorn the words no more than Beauty-spots do a Whore’s Face: And why is not w for a black Patch, cast awa from know and blow, as well as da, and wa hav cast awa their Pock arr-y; and why is not w to do, where there’s need; that ’ton need no mock ’tuthr wi’ the los, and wi’ the load of w: Now indeed we have cast awa ugh from though, and although, when som sound is of them, and not left gh out in bright, light, thought, where they signify no more than a chip, or herb Gohn in poredg: C Ha! Ha! He! Yet in floweth and knoweth w sounds well, having an influence in the following vowel.

15th, Other verieties to make a syllable long without e, as a in boast, board, coasts, coales, not holes.

Also Short i, as veil, either, neither, and somtimes ’tis a diphthong, as neighbour, eight. Also o, as people, enfeoff, heofness. And u, as foure, foul, not in honour, neighbour, where o, and u, stand for as good as nothing.

And all Vowels be us’d supervacaneously before l, n, or r; as in brethren, coffen, children, open, navill, wevill; not in cavill, Sybill, and civill; apron, button, mutton, iron, reason, bacon, treason; and in proper names, as Gackson, Gohnson, Wilson, Tomson, Rependon, Repton, Donnington; not in God-Son, Common, but in Cousin.

All vowels be us’d in vain before r, as pillar, cellar, winter, summer, dinner, curfir, (as it were cover, fire,) honour, donour, neighbour, pleasure, measure, nature, feature, scripture, martyr. I is us’d severally.

1st and 2dly, I Long and short in the same circumstances, as blind, find, mind, with i long, kindred, limb, shrimp, pinch, with i short; gh makes i long, as bright, might, plight, &c. and i is long without ’em, as bite, kite, write.

3dly and 4thly, I short with a consonant, and e after it, as lives, gives, nouns and verbs: Bible, possible, triple, tribled, idle fidle, Prince, prince. 5thly, and 6thly, makeing e long, and not as before.

7thly, Used in vain, as gainful, &c. as before; also e and a put for i, as borage, savage, knowledge, colledge, not in hedge and nonage; also y was us’d formerly for i.

But most abominably i is us’d for g, which is unpardonable, when g being a letter of a double meaning can do without, as gaol, or goal; why should it infect i with its own distemper, to be double minded.

Lastly, W[h]y g[h] ma not make all vowels long as well as i, and w[h]y ma not ye and we make vowels long, as well as a, e, and o; we must ask t[h]e natural P[h]ilosop[h]ers w[h]at sympat[h]y or antipat[h]y is in t[h]e Lettrz; and w[h]et[h]er an occult quality; or t[h]e divines, if t[h]ere be not a mystery in it above nature before we adventure to teah and cong the batl-dur; and w[h]y I ma not supply t[h]e place of y rat[h]er t[h]an g, as in yate, yell, yule, younger, (as Italians).

T[h]is [h]ad bin very excuseable, and not wit[h]out antient president. As likewise w[h]y some consonants take exception at some vowels; or some vowels at t[h]em, t[h]at t[h]ey change t[h]eir meaning? as c and g, sometimes before e and i, and t before ion sometimes.

8thly, W[h]y not always wit[h]out exeption: If t[h]ere be a supernatural cause (for we are sure t[h]eir is no natural one) for t[h]ese t[h]ings, t[h]ey will declare it, if not; t[h]ere must needs be a preternatural won.

O, is us’d accordingly, as most, dost, lost, tost.

3dly and 4thly, As some, come, [h]ome, done, gone; short a in Joan, Joanne, Joakim, a and o part.

Also l makes o long, as roll, poll, not extoll, and w[h]y not ot[h]er vowels too.

O, for oe, as mot[h]er, among, from.

O, for u, as brot[h]er, come, some, word, world, wont, t[h]e verb; anot[h]er, good, blood, not yonder.

O, for a, nort[h]erly, as paredg, [h]arses, carn, amang.

U is us’d promiscuously, as appears in the vowels afore going, but not so frequently as the rest, as [h]ugh long, hug short; [h]uge, voluble, superfluous after b and g, as build, guard, not regard, q being call’d cu, needs it not; guide, not gilbert.

But v consonant not call’d ev, with a different caracter, is no less absur’d than j consonant, not call’d ij, with a different figure, as mejer for measure, as the French also use it, as je vou remercy. So osier, [h]osier, easier, azure, &c.

F us’d for v anciently, as d for th, as fader; but spokn as we do now: ev is us’d for f in the West, as vire, vield, for fire, field, and we put p for v in upper: The Hebrews put veth for it, beth for b, the Spaniards make v, b, but to let other Languages alone, we pass to

The Diphthongs.

Whereof 3 be very absurd, ee for which the Latins us’d ij, as ijdem oculi lucent, eadem feritatis imago est, Ov. met. The Greeks made Eta a doble e, as also oo OMEGA.

2. Oo, for which the Latins us’d uu, as uva, uuula, and the British and Hebrews double u.

3. Aw, all, au, as augre, maugre, awe, law, all, calf, (se the rest in l.) and ao properly, as graot, gaol, gaot.

Ai, as straight, again, not, wait, ei as eight, not neither.

Oi, as boile, not the noun.

Uu is serv’d by oo, and so forth. No thanks for it.

Ui, as juice. Ou, as ought, not, out.

Au is put for ao, ou for au, as sauce, souce.

Eu or ew, ewe, neuter, is right.

Iu, as view, might be mended thus, viu.

Ou is common, as could, cow, but there is difference between o long and short.

O is often us’d for a triphthong (y in British). O u u, as hone, stone, doore, through, wo, whore, fore, more.

In ou o is oft left out, as double, trouble.

L is us’d for o, as Ralph, [h]alf, calf, malt, [h]alt, salt and scalp, not in [h]ealth and wealth, and dealt: L is so us’d after e, as elf, not self, whelm, Gulielm, not elme.

Lastly, L is for u, as old, cold, gold, fold, bold, colt, bolt, not in dolt.

If ae, eo, ie, and ea be diphthongs, and lawfully marry’d by Banes, or Licens, I’m sure it is but an [h]alf char-marriage, for they (for a just impediment) never bed together.

Amendment offer’d.

Make a Cambril over the vowels to make ’em long; and this will cure innumerabl errors, and there will be no more mistakes or abuse of the vowels, and this will save a world of truble.

But because the titl of i stands in the way, give a dash for I long, and let a low Apostrophe, as high as the bodies of the letters, stand for i short, and i with a tittle for double i or ee. So

Mal, mel, mil, mol, mul.
Mâl, mêl, mıl, môl, mûl.D

Then ask the Printer whether a Cambril set over the vowels, be not as good, and cheap as an e, a, o, or gh at the end.

But w[h]at difference can we make in figures, between ou, long o, and short o? Thus like the sign TaurusE after the Greek fashion is short ou, or (speak Tongue) ou at lengt[h], is long o wit[h] u; and again the sign Taurus wit[h] a Foot-Ball between [h]is [h]orns, is t[h]e Trift[h]ong; t[h]e reason belongs to Grammar.

For to lay sound upon sound wit[h]out sig[h]t, is as field upon field, false Heraldry.

But as for suc[h] as [h]ave t[h]eir for[h]eads no broader t[h]an t[h]eir Battledore, they must stic in the old nooke at q in the corner, not seven years, but seventy times seven.

’Tis not a sin sait[h] a P[h]ilosop[h]er t[h]at I cannot spel wel, but t[h]at I cannot live well. If we [h]ave t[h]is error from the Lawyers we [h]ope ’tis lawful; for to put in letters in a word or words in a deed, more t[h]an enoug[h] often. But the Lawyers English may be no better t[h]an [h]is Latin, t[h]e one as [h]ard to be spell’d, as t[h]e ot[h]er to be parsd.

Next we come to the Consonants.

Third Part of Babling Babel undermin’d; the Eyes submitting to the Ears.

Consonants do sometimes stand for noug[h]t,
Sometimes for one anot[h]er;

But w[h]en stands eah one as it oug[h]t?
W[h]en stands it for its brot[h]er?

B is a Consonant [h]at[h] no name-sake, as none oug[h]t to have. For put a vowel before or after it, its all one for the name and value, for every value of a letter is according to its name, or oug[h]t to be, for the name is proper to the figure as call, de or ed, ’tis all one, as r o ed, rod. Call b be, or eb; but use custom, ’tis [h]elpful w[h]en proper; [h]urtful w[h]en improper. B is overplus in Lamb, t[h]umb, debt, doubt; and w[h]at need is t[h]ere of t[h]ese unnecessary bees; scarce one in a Parish besides the Parson t[h]inks t[h]e two last come of Latin words, debitum and dubito, w[h]ere t[h]ey are pronounc’d.

B is a letter of t[h]e lips, shutting t[h]e lips before t[h]e vowel, w[h]en it begins a syllable, and after a vowel when it ends: So do the rest in BUMaF viz. ev, we, m, f, p.

A Rule useful for School-Teachers, for short Tongu’d Children, for easy Utterance use the upper Letters for the neather.

B | [G] | D | V | G | J | Z | [C] | [Y] | [R]
For
P | C | [T] | F | H | [J] | S | [T] | K | R

With letter-substitution

Probatum est.

By one I had a Scholar, could speak none of the neather Letters, till he [h]ad learn’d (after the West [G]untry fashion, and the Rules of the Learn’d Grammars) to pronounce the upper first.

We are not awar [h]au muh our deseitful lettrz [h]indr uthr Learning, and refining Inglish, and [h]au tru letrz would furthr it.

Mad C w’[c] s spelz sound [c]e sàm, Stilo novo.
Betráz q h and k.

Desetfule deniz its nam,
And s do[c] it betra.

Dissembli[v] C wi[c] nidles vot,
Ov ridi[v] brex [c]e nec.

Unles it [h]av a proper nam,
And spelli[v] suits wi[c] C.

C [g]ivz an il exampl,
And iz a tripl tna[v]: CCC ERAS. Ad.

On gustis it do[c] trampl,
Scab’d for aol [h]er aolz bra[v].

Ov sierz [c]e blind ledr iz:
[D]e ded [c]e livi[v] rul. ARISTOF.

And [w]ot a tirsum tasc iz [c]is
To wat upon a Fuul?

Larg [h]ausn [h]av wi in larg taunz,
And largr hevnle buux:

Larg Cots and Tlox [h]av wi and [G]aunz,
Aur fit in letr stox.

It nivr iz tuu lat to [t]riv,
Nor to inven[j]onz ad:

For Silvr auns wi ra[c]r striv,
Dun mane paundz ov Led.

Nau [c]at I ma u trule si,
Sertante to mi sa:

If lic u sim and no frend be,
Non ledz mi wursr wa.

In cruuced waz [c]is aol iz il,
Men tno not [c]at [c]a er.

And [c]at men luv darcnes stil,
No faot in endless fir.

With letter-substitution

As c t and h do fuul our erz ovr and ovr in hatch and catch, &c. so dodh D (non without deset) in Wednesday, Hedg, Judg, spring, grudg, badg, where g may do well without its false [h]elp or cumber-place.

F is unpronounc’d in mastiff and t is spoken instead of f, in handful, armful, sackful. But it hath manifest wrong done it, by his convertible p, and its unconvertible h, against their own names too, as Philip. Whereas ph help no more for spelling Filip, than it doth Alexander. Now if you had said HURH spells Church, and GUG spells Judge, I could easily believe it.

But heap, God, thy, thigh, hang, shame, which are none of the seven spell’d by the Letters we intend should spell them: neither can any Englishman for his ears, eyes and wits, spell any of these words, and MILLIONS more like ’em, more by his 24 English Letters, make what shift he can, while Ingland is Ingland, and have both Universities, CAMBRIGE and Oxford to help him, and all the Universities beyond the Seas to help them.

Viz. [Y]èp, [G]od, [C]i, [T]i, [Y]a[v], [J]à[v], [W]ih; also [F]aun, [R]ûm; and Hif, Ked, Plejr. For

Turpe est doctore cum culpa redarguit ipsum.

According to Cato:

Unto the Teacher its a shame,
In others his own Faults to blame.

Thus you percieve the whole World is but in the Battle-dore, and Lerning is in the Cradle, and the sayings of this Book, as Macroons to invite her to the taking her Letters to keep up old custom. As Horas [h]ath it in his first Sermon.

——Pueris dant crustula blandi
Doctores elementa velint ut discere prima.

Kind Teachers give Boys Bun and Cake,
Their Letters for to Learn them make.

G is deaf in sign, not signifie, and g[h] in boug[h]t, broug[h]t, not in coug[h], throug[h], enoug[h], w[h]ih is strangly spoken, stuff, enoug[h], boug[h]s, enoug[h], (corn enoug[h]) and sig[h]ed, and g[h]ed spells [h]ead, if ec be not cast away; let k be g[h]a, else k (unless for g[h]) as in back, stack, crack, would be a vain impertinent Letter, and deserves (as suh) in an orderly Family to be cic’d out o’ th’ doors. For our Battle-dore is a well-[g]overn’d SITY, w[h]ih shuts out all idle impertinent persnz, as vagrants wit[h] t[h]eir extravagancies out o’ t[h]’ Gates.

H is vain, in Ghost, Sc[h]olar, not in Churh, but c is, t[h]erefore it deserves to be turn’d out of doors, for loosing its good name, [h]aving work enoug[h] to live of its trade, and is an Interlooper, sounding one t[h]ing by its self, anot[h]er in word-spelling, that she ma not be [h]onest by [h]er self, and a knave in company.

L in will, bell, mall, full, and t[h]ousands more.

M in gemm, stem, &c.

N in Henry and proper names, as Normanton, Rependon, Donington. T[h]e former n is un[h]eard.

P in receipt, not except, and mig[h]t as well be left out, as in deceit, conceit, of t[h]e same sin, so empty temptation.

S in isle, island, ass, as is uz, s single is as

T in whitsunday, and watch, catch, clutch.

U is turn’d into EV, Coventry, Daventry, Oven for Couentry, Dauntry, Ouen, an eut; see Mr. Dugdal.

So our Letters rat[h]er marr than mend our Language, w[h]en wrong spell’d: but more Letters would do well in the Alfabet, (w[h]ih is preparing) but fewer in most words to spell properly.

We is us’d t[h]ree ways, as a vowel, as now, [h]ow, as a consonant in we, went, as nothing, in know, show, and bo.

Ye is us’d four ways, as a consonant, as yea, yes, as a long and short vowel, as w[h]y, [h]oly and doubtful, as my, t[h]y, and as not[h]ing in may day.

W[h]en each Letter [h]at[h] but one meaning 1; the Reading is certain as two and twenty one, one wants w, and two ma spare it.

Z is scarce us’d in vain, but as many consonants are double to make a short vowel, as Buzze, but is most us’d for s after all Letters but p, c, t, for plurals and t[h]e like, s and z seem to cross one another, as raze and raise, and x for z, as beaux.

Since renoun’d Aut[h]ors of late [h]ave left out ugh, as t[h]oug[h] and the like, writing t[h]o’, if they [h]ad left out w and y superfluous, as know, row, da, t[h]are, and put out all vain letters, and cambril the vowels, the idle Letters would never [h]ave come in again.

Now if Books were begun to be all printed by t[h]ese directions, t[h]ey would make all other old books easier read, and more truly pronounced, t[h]e false spelling being discover’d and amended.

But Letters are neither here nor there, for all this, in every circuit there is something of a particular dialect, differing from the common English, though the Western and Northern differ most.

Now when we speak of altering the Letters, we alter not, but establish and settle the known speech, which is no more but to alter or remove the sign when it directedh to the wrong [h]ouse, but the Inn all the while is the same. If one be in the North or West, he had best speak as they do, that he may be readily understood, which is the end of speech.

We have corruptions enough in our Letters to corrupt all Languages writ with them.

If our Letters were thus Corrected, a stranger, or home-bred, might learn as much English in a day, as otherwise in a month or more.

Put nature in arts Cradle, and its fet in the stox.

There have been many changes of [G]overnment this hundred years, yet the same errors rule, that we are, and no body for promisiz better.

But what ails you to be so bitter against the Letters? Why I look at them as the dark-house to lodge all our errors in, and a feather-bed, where all, both errors and unknown sins may be lodg’d, therefore I pull out the Straws out of your bolster, that I may let light into the house, that you ma see you lodge in a thorn-bush instead of a feather-bed. But I find, (God [h]elp us both) that at all final errors are friends of the greater, that neither am I able by these letters to speak, nor you to understand me by Writing. Nay no man is by old Letters able so much as to hint what he would have the new ones call’d, but the old will insinuate their sufficiency.

The Fourth Part, of Instructions Instructed, or Light out of Darkness.

The first Table, wherein the self-same sounds are Spell’d by different Letters, first Right, and then Wrong.

A as a, Manna, Joshua, Asia, Judah, Hannah; why ma we not cast awa the Hebrew He out of words, as well as the Latins and Greeks have done? Day, say, their, they, fair. These Letters that be, not pronounc’d are very wellcome to be gone, the door stands wide open.

E, as be, the, Phebe, yea, weigh, key, holy. If propagating Error be lawful, ’tis lawful to teach wrong.

I, as Ivi; lie, lye, thy, why, thigh, buy, for the first might as lawfully be spell’d like the last, as UYe I, as the last is wrong spell’d, but more lawfully ma the last be spell’d as your first.

O, do, no, so, to, right, tow, dough, Bowes, beau, sloe, slow. (If u be pronounc’d in flow, ’tis a diphthong, let u take its place) wrong.

U, as tru, blue, Hugh, new, a singl u might stand for you (if it please u) but not for your, beauty.

Ao, gaol, gaot, graot, goal, law, sauce, calf, scalp, caug[h]t, taug[h]t.

Al, as ale, fail, but, fayl in old Books.

El, as kele, meale, seale, veil, and veal.

Il, mile, isle, island, boile, pyle.

Ol, mole, soul, coal, roll, poll.

Ul, deul, the straig[h]test road, the shortest rule.

Sore against shins it goes to go about,
Where you’ve but one road, you cannot go out.

So âm, em, im, om, um, and an, en, in, on, un, as claim, p[h]legm, rooms, [h]olmes, tombs, soveraign, foreigners, sign, groan, hewn.

Hav two strait lines from point to point you shall,
* Pseudografy ageometrical. * Bz. 

So a, e, and sofort[h], before, before, r, s, t, z, bier, [h]ig[h]er, bore, soar, four, lower, case, ace, raze, bass, peace, cease, rise, price, justice, prose, sloce, prize, wise, eyes, lies, rise verb, sighs, use, noun, truce, nose, foes, blows, use verb; suit, an evet: but s is us’d for z too oft, the more intollerable; but z should be us’d when it makes a distinction between noun and verb, as use, rise, abuse:

Conceit wit[h]out receit, is mere deceit.

Jams, gaol, Jo[h]n, goal, magistrate, majesty, geese, fleece, sig[h]ed, [h]ead, sadled, glad, titled, clad, battled, know, frenh, wensh, good, blood, wort[h], [h]unt, gentl, jear, rih, wit[h], city, sit, scituate, year, be[h]aviour, Joshua, wa, now, noug[h]t.

S, as factious, precious, anctious, conscience, sho, fashion, Je[h]oschua, these wi the help ov the Frenh, as quelque hose, and old Authors ma be quadrupled all wrong.

So x for ckes, as flax, stackes, sex, necks, six, stickes, fox, rokes, flux, bucks.

What spells g u g, q i c, [w] i h, R e p n, s c o l r; if wrong (w [h]as no business there) be plesant, rite, (gh [h]at[h] not[h]ing to do t[h]ere) is plezantr, unless to please t[h]ose t[h]at [h]ave t[h]eir wits wit[h]out ’em, will [h]ave t[h]e ears misled by t[h]e eys, and t[h]e soul by t[h]e body, t[h]erefore (suppose t[h]at t[h]ere are fashions for t[h]e soul as well as the body) in t[h]e old Church Bible ov K. J. its [h]ye, now [h]ig[h]; so formerly forainers, now foreigners, Rawley, Rawleigh, [h]ere’s wit with a witness: But these are no more besides their wits, t[h]an t[h]ey are wit[h]out their wits, t[h]at [h]ave t[h]eir wits wit[h]in t[h]em. These that can, paint the vois, can limb out souls too. No doubt very Learn’d men!

You t[h]at understand t[h]e frets on t[h]e great Fidle, and wit[h]out Gammut, can pric down proper sounds to words in visible shapes, according to t[h]e nu fashion; pra take not awa the falals the old Fat[h]ers put to t[h]eir words, lest posterity serve you no better, as Hierom, Hierusalem, ripe, snite, knight, as haucer.

The time shall come that Doctors and Knights
Shall be as common as Woodcox and Snites,

With Crambo’s or Books ful many a score,
As good as these you find, I’ll ad no more.

Fpsti. Difficilia quæ pulchra.
Hard to be dun, a dute iz sur dhe gratest bute.

A Table of the self-same Leters, Spelling words ov a far different sound.

As with, with, bath, bathe, sith, sithe, both, both, loath, loath, oath, oathes, smith, smithy, breath, of, off, then, yet, liveth or liveth, joth or joth, mouth, mouth, path or path, wrath, wreath, faith or faith, thy, thigh, this, thistle, thou, thousand, thank, they, them, theame, thus, thunder, thine, thin, goal or goal, as afore, motion, crimson, action, Acteon, singed, hanged, changed, shepherd, Shaphat, dishonour, asham’d, bishop, mishap, character, charity, duckherd, blockhead, Dutchess, gather, success, suggest, or suggest, or suggest, or suggest, haov, rij, [w]heg and who, come, on, you know what I mean, as well as [h]orses. War rod: scepter, sceptic, syllables, bless, access, axes, oxen, Christ-cross, beaux, beauty, ancre, kernel, acres, craz’d, threatned, knead, bootes, Bootes, winged, gnaw’d: th is cut of from with, cum, after another of the same, at wi’ them.

To Read English after the names ov the Letters, which is blameless, max English as strang as to read after the French fashion; what would become of Gire-eagle, wither, league, thing, Jehosaphat.

Put an Apostrophe (call’d Swa in Hebru) between every two consonants (viz. a short i) the spelling is discern’d as well as with a touch-stone, that you may perseve easily that falsehood is not in good earnest.

So george, gorge, Gomorrha, Esau, Hus or uz, Nubes, Ragau, Joshua, where ([V] [v]) is the first letter in the four first, middlemost in fist, a in the last all wrong. That no wonder if the Bible Translators took up the blanket, and left the Child behind ’em, when St. Hierom says, the Hebrew Letters are not to be exprest by the Western figures (I think truly) And for want of axents Church-Readers wickedly miscall Bible-words, as Theobulus, Jericho, Goliah, Cæsarea, a Decapolis, Penacutes or Prepenacutes, also Haggi four ways.

A duble Letter in Hebrew of the same sort, being dageshed, prevents all mistakes, as הגּי So ’[G]od”es” for the Goddesses.

But for example sake, as far as any thing can really be exprest by English Letters, without bodging patching, or bungling balderdash or barbarous gallimofry of our Romantic Letters, obscurer than the Egiptian Hieroglifix. I will subscribe an old saing in English, as easy as any thing, if custom and fashion tnu it:

An As an Mul carrid Runlets ov Wine,
But d’ Ass did gron undr er burdn gret:

Qo’d’ Mul, Modr, wat al u dus to win?
And under your lijt lod so sor to swet?

Ist dubl ber if I tac won ov din.
Wijst ber a lic if dau tac won ov min.

Pride cind Gometer do us dis fet.

Doctrina non habet inimicum præter ignorantem.

Of erudition dher’s no sircumstans
Hadh ani enimi but ignorans.

But ’premisses rightly understood desier the exhibition of a compleat Alfebet, to read English as easily as [G]reek; therefore I shall end this Book wi’ the first Letter ov the ensuing Batl-dur.

[A] [a] A a B b [D] d D [c] E e F f G g [G] [g] H h [Y] [h] I i J j C c K k   [F] [f] M m N n [V] [v] O o P p Q q R r S s [J] [j] T t [T] [t] U u V v W w [W] [w] X x Y y z &. †

With letter-substitution

FINIS.

William Andrews Clark Memorial Library: University of California

The Augustan Reprint Society

General Editors

R. C. Boys
University of Michigan

Vinton A. Dearing
University of California, Los Angeles

Ralph Cohen
University of California, Los Angeles

Lawrence Clark Powell
Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library

Corresponding Secretary: Mrs. Edna C. Davis, Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library

The Society exists to make available inexpensive reprints (usually facsimile reproductions) of rare seventeenth and eighteenth century works. The editorial policy of the Society remains unchanged. As in the past, the editors welcome suggestions concerning publications. All income of the Society is devoted to defraying cost of publication and mailing.

All correspondence concerning subscriptions in the United States and Canada should be addressed to the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, 2205 West Adams Boulevard, Los Angeles 18, California. Correspondence concerning editorial matters may be addressed to any of the general editors. The membership fee is $3.00 a year for subscribers in the United States and Canada and 15/- for subscribers in Great Britain and Europe. British and European subscribers should address B. H. Blackwell, Broad Street, Oxford, England.

Publications for the twelfth year [1957-58]

(At least six items, most of them from the
following list, will be reprinted.)

Henry Fielding, The Voyages of Mr. Job Vinegar (1740). Introduction by Sam Sackett.

William Herbert, Third Earl of Pembroke, Poems (1660). Introduction by Gaby Onderwyzer.

An Historical View of the Political Writers of Great Britain (1740). Introduction by Robert L. Haig.

Francis Hutcheson, Essays on Laughter (1729).

Samuel Johnson, Notes to Shakespeare, Vol. III, Tragedies. Edited by Arthur Sherbo.

Richard Savage, An Author to be Let (1732). Introduction by James Sutherland.

Elkanah Settle, The Notorious Impostor (1692). Introduction by Spiro Peterson.

Seventeenth Century Tales of the Supernatural. Selected, with an Introduction, by Isabel M. Westcott.

Publications for the first eleven years (with the exception of Nos. 1-6, which are out of print) are available at the rate of $3.00 a year. Prices for individual numbers may be obtained by writing to the Society.

THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY

WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY

2205 West Adams Boulevard, Los Angeles 18, California

Make check or money order payable to The Regents of the University of California.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY

Transcriber’s Note:
Many of the listed titles are available from Project Gutenberg. Where possible, links are included.

First Year (1946-1947)

Numbers 1-6 out of print.

Titles:

1. Richard Blackmore’s Essay upon Wit (1716), and Addison’s Freeholder No. 45 (1716).

2. Anon., Essay on Wit (1748), together with Characters by Flecknoe, and Joseph Warton’s Adventurer Nos. 127 and 133.

3. Anon., Letter to A. H. Esq.; concerning the Stage (1698), and Richard Willis’ Occasional Paper No. IX (1698).

4. Samuel Cobb’s Of Poetry and Discourse on Criticism (1707).

5. Samuel Wesley’s Epistle to a Friend Concerning Poetry (1700) and Essay on Heroic Poetry (1693).

6. Anon., Representation of the Impiety and Immorality of the Stage (1704) and anon., Some Thoughts Concerning the Stage (1704).

Second Year (1947-1948)

7. John Gay’s The Present State of Wit (1711); and a section on Wit from The English Theophrastus (1702).

8. Rapin’s De Carmine Pastorali, translated by Creech(1684).

9. T. Hanmer’s(?) Some Remarks on the Tragedy of Hamlet (1736).

10. Corbyn Morris’ Essay towards Fixing the True Standards of Wit, etc. (1744).

11. Thomas Purney’s Discourse on the Pastoral (1717).

12. Essays on the Stage, selected, with an Introduction by Joseph Wood Krutch.

Third Year (1948-1949)

13. Sir John Falstaff (pseud.), The Theatre (1720).

14. Edward Moore’s The Gamester(1753).

15. John Oldmixon’s Reflections on Dr. Swift’s Letter to Harley (1712); and Arthur Mainwaring’s The British Academy (1712).

16. Nevil Payne’s Fatal Jealousy (1673).

17. Nicholas Rowe’s Some Account of the Life of Mr. William Shakespeare (1709).

18. “Of Genius,” in The Occasional Paper, Vol. III, No. 10 (1719); and Aaron Hill’s Preface to The Creation (1720).

Fourth Year (1949-1950)

19. Susanna Centlivre’s The Busie Body (1709).

20. Lewis Theobold’s Preface to The Works of Shakespeare (1734).

21. Critical Remarks on Sir Charles Grandison, Clarissa, and Pamela (1754).

22. Samuel Johnson’s The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749) and Two Rambler papers (1750).

23. John Dryden’s His Majesties Declaration Defended (1681).

24. Pierre Nicole’s An Essay on True and Apparent Beauty in Which from Settled Principles is Rendered the Grounds for Choosing and Rejecting Epigrams, translated by J. V. Cunningham.

Fifth Year (1950-1951)

25. Thomas Baker’s The Fine Lady’s Airs (1709).

26. Charles Macklin’s The Man of the World (1792).

27. Out of print.

27. Frances Reynolds’ An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Taste, and of the Origin of Our Ideas of Beauty, etc. (1785).

28. John Evelyn’s An Apologie for the Royal Party (1659); and A Panegyric to Charles the Second (1661).

29. Daniel Defoe’s A Vindication of the Press (1718).

30. Essays on Taste from John Gilbert Cooper’s Letters Concerning Taste, 3rd edition (1757), & John Armstrong’s Miscellanies (1770).

Sixth Year

31. Thomas Gray, Elegy in a Country Church Yard (1751); and The Eton College Manuscript.

32. Prefaces to Fiction; Georges de Scudéry’s Preface to Ibrahim (1674), etc.

33. Henry Gally’s A Critical Essay on Characteristic-Writings (1725).

34. Thomas Tyers’ A Biographical Sketch of Dr. Samuel Johnson (1785).

35. James Boswell, Andrew Erskine, and George Dempster. Critical Strictures on the New Tragedy of Elvira, Written by Mr. David Malloch (1763).

36. Joseph Harris’s The City Bride (1696).

Seventh Year (1952-1953)

37. Thomas Morrison’s A Pindarick Ode on Painting (1767).

38. John Phillips’ A Satyr Against Hypocrites (1655).

39. Thomas Warton’s A History of English Poetry.

40. Edward Bysshe’s The Art of English Poetry (1708).

41. Bernard Mandeville’s “A Letter to Dion” (1732).

42. Prefaces to Four Seventeenth-Century Romances.

Eighth Year (1953-1954)

43. John Baillie’s An Essay on the Sublime (1747).

44. Mathias Casimire Sarbiewski’s The Odes of Casimire, Translated by G. Hils (1646).

45. John Robert Scott’s Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine Arts.

46. Selections from Seventeenth Century Songbooks.

47. Contemporaries of the Tatler and Spectator.

48. Samuel Richardson’s Introduction to Pamela.

Ninth Year (1954-1955)

49. Two St. Cecilia’s Day Sermons (1696-1697).

50. Hervey Aston’s A Sermon Before the Sons of the Clergy (1745).

51. Lewis Maidwell’s An Essay upon the Necessity and Excellency of Education (1705).

52. Pappity Stampoy’s A Collection of Scotch Proverbs (1663).

53. Urian Oakes’ The Soveraign Efficacy of Divine Providence (1682).

54. Mary Davys’ Familiar Letters Betwixt a Gentlemen and a Lady (1725).

Tenth Year (1955-1956)

55. Samuel Say’s An Essay on the Harmony, Variety, and Power of Numbers (1745).

56. Theologia Ruris, sive Schola & Scala Naturae (1686).

57. Henry Fielding’s Shamela (1741).

58. Eighteenth Century Book Illustrations.

59. Samuel Johnson’s Notes to Shakespeare. Vol. I, Comedies, Part I.

60. Samuel Johnson’s Notes to Shakespeare. Vol. I, Comedies, Part II.

Eleventh Year (1956-1957)

61. Elizabeth Elstob’s An Apology for the Study of Northern Antiquities (1715)

62. Two Funeral Sermons (1635)

63. Parodies of Ballad Criticism (1711-1787)

64. Prefaces to Three Eighteenth Century Novels (1708, 1751, 1797)

65. Samuel Johnson’s Notes to Shakespeare. Vol. II, Histories, Part I.

66. Samuel Johnson’s Notes to Shakespeare. Vol. II, Histories, Part II.

Transcriber’s Annotations

A. The printed text uses 26 ordinary English letters, distinguishing between i and j and between u and v. It also uses ſ (long s).

B. The Hebrew terms are usually written קרי (Keri) and כתיב (Kethiv).

C. The “herb Gohn” is probably St. John’s Wort, which can be made into a mash or “porridge”.

partial page image

D. Text unchanged. The preceding paragraph implies “m'l” or “mıl” (dotless i, or i without “tittle”) in the first line, “m—l” in the second.

E. “Taurus” (astrological symbol ♉) refers to the “ou” ligature (ȣ, or upsilon balanced atop omicron) used in printed Greek.

Alternative Text

On page 8 the author writes:

... we want to borrow Two letters of the Greek, Gama, and Theta, and Four of the Hebrew, Thaleth, He, Aim, and Shin ...

It is not clear whether he intended to use the actual Greek and Hebrew letters where the printed text shows upside-down Roman letters.

The substitutions would be (note that [c] is used for [d] and [Y] for [H]):

[D] [c] | “thaleth” ד
[G] [g] | “gama” Γ
[Y] [h] | he ה
[J] [j] | shin ש
[V] [v] | “aim” (ayin) ע
[T] [t] | theta Θ
[w] [f] [a] [r] | author’s intention unclear

Page 8, “Gothám” paragraph, with silent correction of apparent typographic errors:

Gôtham, Γôtham, Gótham, Γótham, Gôθam, Γôθam, Góθam, Γóθam, Gôדam, Γôדam, Góדam, Γóדam, Gothâm, Γothâm, Gothám, Γothám, Goθâm, Γoθâm, Goθám, Γoθám, Goדâm, Γoדâm, Goדám, Γoדám.

Page 21, “A Rule useful for School-Teachers,” with conjectural corrections:

B | Γ | D | V | G | J | Z | ד | ה | [R]
For
P | C | T | F | H | ש | S | Θ | K | R

Page 22, entire poem. Line-initial Dalet ד is shown as Delta Δ to avoid script-direction confusion in some computers. The letter-sequences tn and tl may represent kn (knave, know) and kl/cl.

Mad C w’ד s spelz sound דe sàm, Stilo novo.
Betráz q h and k.

Desetfule deniz its nam,
And s doד it betra.

Dissembliע C wiד nidles vot,
Ov ridiע brex דe nec.

Unles it הav a proper nam,
And spelliע suits wiד C.

C γivz an il exampl,
And iz a tripl tnav: CCC ERAS. Ad.

On gustis it doד trampl,
Scab’d for aol הer aolz brav.

Ov sierz דe blind ledr iz:
Δe ded דe liviע rul. ARISTOF.

And wot a tirsum tasc iz דis
To wat upon a Fuul?

Larg הausn הav wi in larg taunz,
And largr hevnle buux:

Larg Cots and Tlox הav wi and Γaunz,
Aur fit in leθr stox.

It nivr iz tuu lat to θriv,
Nor to invenשonz ad:

For Silvr auns wi raדr striv,
Δun mane paundz ov Led.

Nau דat I ma u trule si,
Sertante to mi sa:

If lic u sim and no frend be,
Non ledz mi wursr wa.

In cruuced waz דis aol iz il,
Men tno not דat דa er.

And דat men luv darcnes stil,
No faot in endless fir.

Page 32, full alphabet:

[A] [a] A a B b D d ד E e F f G g Γ γ H h ה I i J j C c K k [F] [f] M m N n ע O o P p Q q R r S s ש T t Θ θ U u V v W w [W] [w] X x Y y z &. †

[A] [a], [F] [f] and [W] [w] are not explained in the text. [F] occurs in place of L, which seems to have been omitted by mistake, as noted in the Introduction. Capital Z is missing.

John Wild

A more recent candidate for “G. W.” is John Wild, whose name appears on this 1710 broadsheet:

broadside

larger view

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAGAZINE, OR ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE ENGLISH SPELLING (1703) ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.