The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes and Queries, Number 231, April 1, 1854

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Notes and Queries, Number 231, April 1, 1854

Author: Various

Editor: George Bell

Release date: February 25, 2009 [eBook #28194]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
Journals.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NUMBER 231, APRIL 1, 1854 ***

Transcriber's note:
A few typographical errors have been corrected. They appear in the text like this, and the explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked passage.

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."—Captain Cuttle.

No. 231.

Saturday, April 1. 1854.

Price Fourpence.
Stamped Edition 5d.

CONTENTS.

Notes:—

Page

Kennington Common, by the Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson

295

Life and Death

296

Battle of Trafalgar and Death of Nelson

297

Heraldic Anomaly

298

Folk Lore:—Three Maids—Mother Russel's Post—Shrove Tuesday Custom

299

Stornello

299

Minor Notes:—Perspective—"That"—Corporation Enactments—Jacobite Club—Dean Nowell's first Wife—"Oxoniana"—An Epigram falsely ascribed to George Herbert—Ingulph: Bohn's "Antiquarian Library"

300

Queries:—

Quotations wanted

301

Sir Edmund Plowden, by S. F. Streeter

301

Ancient Clock, and Odevaere's History of it, by Octavius Morgan

302

Minor Queries:—Spielberg, when built?—"Ded. Pavli"—Mantelpiece: Mantelshelf: Mantleboard: Mantell and Brace—Passage in Job—Provincial Glossaries—Chadderton of Nuthurst, co. Lancaster—A marvellous Combat of Birds—Battle of the Gnats—Sandford of Thorpe Salvine, co. York—"Outlines of the History of Theology"—"Mawkin"—"Plain Dealer"—Hymn attributed to Handel—Degrees in Arts—"Goloshes:" "Kutchin-kutchu"—Cornwalls of London—Flasks for Wine-bottles—Froxhalmi, Prolectricus, Phytacus, Tuleus, Candos, Gracianus, and Tounu or Tonnu

302

Minor Queries with Answers:—Postmaster at Merton College—"Lyra Apostolica"—East Dereham Manor—Quakers executed in North America—Inscription in Fulham Church—Hero of the "Spanish Lady's Love"—"Bothy"—"Children in the Wood"

304

Replies:—

Brydone the Tourist, by John Macray

305

"The Red Cow"—Cromwell's Carriages, &c.

306

Fox-hunting, by F. M. Middleton

307

Weather Rules, by E. MacCulloch, &c.

307

Bingham's Antiquities

308

Ancient Tenure of Lands

309

Photographic Correspondence:—Spots on Collodion Pictures, &c.—The Double Iodide Solution—Mounting Photographs

310

Replies to Minor Queries:—Books on Bells—Medal in Honour of Chevalier St. George—Dean Swift's Suspension—"Vanitatem observare"—Ballina Castle, Mayo—Dorset—Judicial Rank hereditary—Tolling the Bell on leaving Church—Archpriest in the Diocese of Exeter—Dogs in Monumental Brasses—The Last of the Palæologi—Long Names, &c.

310

Miscellaneous:—

Notes on Books, &c.

313

Books and Odd Volumes wanted

314

Notices to Correspondents

314

Just published, with ten coloured Engravings, price 5s.,

NOTES ON AQUATIC MICROSCOPIC SUBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, selected from the "Microscopic Cabinet." By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.

Also, in 8vo., pp. 720, plates 24, price 21s., or coloured, 36s.,

A HISTORY OF INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, Living and Fossil, containing Descriptions of every species, British and Foreign, the methods of procuring and viewing them, &c., illustrated by numerous Engravings. By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.

"There is no work extant in which so much valuable information concerning Infusoria (Animalcules) can be found, and every Microscopist should add it to his library."—Silliman's Journal.

London: WHITTAKER & CO., Ave Maria Lane.

THE LATE DUKE OF WELLINGTON.

Now ready, 2 vols. 8vo., 42s.

THE SPEECHES IN PARLIAMENT OF FIELD MARSHAL HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON. Collected and arranged.

Also, a New Edition, 8vo., 18s.

COL. GURWOOD'S SELECTION from the WELLINGTON DESPATCHES AND GENERAL ORDERS, arranged as a convenient TRAVELLING VOLUME for OFFICERS.

JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

THE QUARTERLY REVIEW. No. CLXXXVIII. ADVERTISEMENTS for the forthcoming Number must be forwarded to the Publisher by the 6th, and BILLS for Insertion by the 8th APRIL.

JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

Now ready, No. VI., 2s. 6d., published Quarterly.

RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW (New Series); consisting of Criticisms upon, Analyses of, and Extracts from, Curious, Useful, Valuable, and Scarce Old Books.

Vol. I., 8vo., pp. 436, cloth 10s. 6d., is also ready.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.

ARCHÆOLOGY OF THE STREETS OF DUBLIN, and CELTIC RECORDS OF IRELAND, ETC.

For the Series of Papers illustrating the above, see Vols. I. II. and III. of the "Irish Quarterly Review." Price, bound, 11s. each.

London: SIMPKIN & CO. Dublin: W. B. KELLY.

Bohn's Standard Library for April.

CONDÉ'S HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF THE ARABS IN SPAIN. Translated from the Spanish by MRS. FOSTER. In Three Volumes. Vol. I. with Frontispiece. Post 8vo. cloth. 3s. 6d.

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.

Bohn's British Classics for April.

GIBBON'S ROMAN EMPIRE, complete and unabridged, with variorum Notes, including, in addition to all the Author's own, those of Guizot, Wenck, Niebuhr, Hugo, Neander, and other foreign scholars. Edited by an ENGLISH CHURCHMAN. In Six Volumes. Vol. III., with fine Map of the Western Empire. Post 8vo. cloth. 3s. 6d.

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.

Bohn's Classical Library for April.

THE WORKS OF TACITUS, literally translated, with Notes. In Two Volumes. Vol. II., containing THE HISTORY, GERMANIA, AGRICOLA, &c. With a very complete Index. Post 8vo. cloth. 5s.

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, &6. York Street, Covent Garden.

Bohn's Scientific Library for April.

HUNT'S POETRY OF SCIENCE; or, Studies of the Physical Phenomena of Nature. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. Post 8vo. cloth. 5s.

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.

Bohn's Illustrated Library for April.

TASSO'S JERUSALEM DELIVERED, translated into English Spenserian verse, with a Life of the Author, by J. H. WIFFEN. Fourth Edition, with Twenty-four Engravings on wood by Thurston, and Eight Engravings on steel. Post 8vo. cloth. 5s.

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.

NOTICE.

BURKE'S LANDED GENTRY. A New and Thoroughly Revised Edition of "HISTORY OF THE LANDED GENTRY," by SIR BERNARD BURKE, Ulster King of Arms, being in Preparation, it is earnestly requested that Communications with additional Genealogies, or Corrections of the former Work, may be addressed as soon as possible to

SIR B. BURKE, care of MR. COLBURN, 13. Great Marlborough Street.

ANNOTATED EDITION OF THE ENGLISH POETS. By ROBERT BELL.

In Monthly Volumes, 2s. 6d. each, in cloth.

This Day, the First Volume of

COWPER'S POETICAL WORKS.

Already published.

DRYDEN. Vols. I and II.

SURREY, MINOR CONTEMPORANEOUS POETS, and SACKVILLE, LORD BUCKHURST.

On the First of May, the Third and Concluding Volume of

DRYDEN'S POETICAL WORKS.

London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.

THE ARCHBISHOP OF DUBLIN'S SERMONS.

This Day, Third and Cheaper Edition. Octavo, 8s. 6d.

SERMONS on some of the PRINCIPAL FESTIVALS, and on other Occasions. By RICHARD WHATELY, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin.

London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.

This Day, Sixth And Cheaper Edition, 450 pages, foolscap octavo, with 118 Woodcuts, 3s. 6d.

FAMILIAR HISTORY OF BIRDS: their Nature, Habits, and Instincts. By EDWARD STANLEY, D.D., Bishop of Norwich.

London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.

SMALL BOOKS ON GREAT SUBJECTS.

Now Ready,

PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES AND PHILOSOPHICAL EXPERIENCE, being No. I. of Small Books on Great Subjects. Third Edition, with a New Preface. 3s. 6d.

EXPOSITION OF VULGAR AND COMMON ERRORS, being No. VIII. of Small Books on Great Subjects. Second Edition. 3s. 6d.

ON THE STATE OF MAN SUBSEQUENT TO THE PROMULGATION OF CHRISTIANITY. Part IV., being No. XXII. of Small Books on Great Subjects. 4s. 6d.

London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.

This Day, Cheaper Edition. Collated, and Enlarged, 10s. 6d.,

CHARICLES: Illustrations of the Private Life of the Ancient Greeks. With Notes and Excursuses. From the German of PROFESSOR BECKER.

Also, Second Edition, Enlarged, with additional Illustrations, 12s.,

BECKER'S GALLUS: Scenes of the Times of Augustus. With Notes and Excursuses, illustrative of the Manners and Customs of the Romans.

London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.

Just published, in royal 8vo., cloth, with Engravings, price 5s.

THE HOMERIC DESIGN OF THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES. By W. WATKISS LLOYD.

London: WILLIAMS & NORGATE, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden.

POPERY AND THE ROMISH CONTROVERSY.—The want of a Periodical Collection of the numerous FACTS AND DOCUMENTS bearing on the Progress of Popery and the Controversy with Rome, which appear in the Journals and Periodicals of the Day, has long been felt by every earnest Protestant. To remedy this deficiency, the Proprietors of

THE "BRITANNIA" NEWSPAPER

have arranged to issue from time to time a SUPPLEMENT (GRATIS), exclusively devoted to the republication of this important and interesting matter, without editorial comment, and so arranged as to be capable of being bound up at the close of the year in a convenient Quarto Volume, with a complete Index to its contents.

The FIRST NUMBER appeared on SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 25th, and contained,

"THE CENSUS OF ROMANISM." Price SIXPENCE.

141. STRAND, LONDON.

W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature, History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has had considerable experience.

1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.

Patronised by the Royal Family.

TWO THOUSAND POUNDS for any person producing Articles superior to the following:

THE HAIR RESTORED AND GREYNESS PREVENTED.

BEETHAM'S CAPILLARY FLUID is acknowledged to be the most effectual article for Restoring the Hair in Baldness, strengthening when weak and fine effectually preventing falling or turning grey, and for restoring its natural colour without the use of dye. The rich glossy appearance it imparts is the admiration of every person. Thousands have experienced its astonishing efficacy. Bottles, 2s. 6d.; double size, 4s. 6d.; 7s. 6d. equal to 4 small; 11s. to 6 small; 21s. to 13 small. The most perfect beautifier ever invented.

SUPERFLUOUS HAIR REMOVED.

BEETHAM'S VEGETABLE EXTRACT does not cause pain or injury to the skin. Its effect is unerring, and it is now patronised by royalty and hundreds of the first families. Bottles, 5s.

BEETHAM'S PLASTER is the only effectual remover of Corns and Bunions. It also reduces enlarged Great Toe Joints in an astonishing manner. If space allowed, the testimony of upwards of twelve thousand individuals, during the last five years, might be inserted. Packets, 1s.; Boxes, 2s. 6d. Sent Free by BEETHAM, Chemist, Cheltenham, for 14 or 36 Post Stamps.

Sold by PRING, 30. Westmorland Street; JACKSON, 9 Westland Row; BEWLEY & EVANS, Dublin; GOULDING, 108. Patrick Street, Cork; BARRY, 9. Main Street, Kinsale; GRATTAN, Belfast; MURDOCK, BROTHERS, Glasgow; DUNCAN & FLOCKHART, Edinburgh. SANGER, 150. Oxford Street; PROUT, 229. Strand; KEATING, St. Paul's Churchyard; SAVORY & MOORE, Bond Street; HANNAY, 63. Oxford Street; London. All Chemists and Perfumers will procure them.

This day is Published,

HISTORY OF THE FRENCH PROTESTANT REFUGEES, FROM THE REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES. By CHARLES WEISS, Professor of History in the Lycée Buonaparte. Translated, with the assistance of the Author, by FREDERICK HARDMAN. In demy octavo, price 14s.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, Edinburgh and London.

RUSSIA AND TURKEY.

A FRENCH MAP OF RUSSIA IN EUROPE, AND TURKEY, comprising the Baltic and Black Seas, with the adjacent Countries, IS NOW PUBLISHED. Price 5s. in sheet, case 8s., per post 6d. additional.

London: EDWARD STANFORD, 6. Charing Cross, who will forward on application a List of Maps of the Seat of War.

BALTIC AND BLACK SEAS.

THE ADMIRALTY CHARTS of these Seas are NOW PUBLISHED. Price, plain. 2s. 6d. each; in case, 5s. Coloured, 3s. 6d.; case, 6s., per post 6d. additional.

London: EDWARD STANFORD, 6. Charing Cross, who will forward on application (Gratis) a List of Admiralty Charts of the Coasts and Harbours of these Seas.

DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES.

A MAP OF THIS DISTRICT, on the the scale of 9 miles to the inch, prepared from the celebrated Vienna Map in 21 sheets, IS NOW PUBLISHED. Price, in 6 sheets coloured, 12s.; case or rollers, 21s.

London: EDWARD STANFORD, 6. Charing Cross; and all Map and Booksellers.

TO ETHNOLOGISTS.—MESSRS. TRÜBNER & CO. are preparing for immediate Publication, in one volume, 4to., 650 pp. profusely illustrated price 1l. 12s., GLIDDON'S TYPES OF MANKIND; or Ethnological Researches, based upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races, and upon their Natural, Geographical, Philological, and Biblical History. By J. C. NOTT, M.D., and G. R. GLIDDON, formerly U. S. Consul at Cairo.

Gentlemen desirous of becoming Subscribers are requested to send their Names in as early as possible.

Illustrated Prospectus to be had on application.

TRÜBNER & CO., 12. Paternoster Row.

CATALOGUES of 5000 Vols. of Second-hand Books GRATIS, on application (Post Free for 4 Stamps).

W. BROUGH, 22. Paradise Street, Birmingham.

Books of every Description purchased. On Sale:—Grose's Antiquities of England and Wales, 8 vols. folio, coloured Plates, half russia, neat, clean, sound Copy, 5l. 15s. 6d. Clarendon's Rebellion, 6 vols. royal 8vo., calf, very neat, 25s. Camden Society's Publications, 24 vols., 2s. to 4s. per vol. Sammes' Britannia Antiqua Illustrata, curious Engravings, folio, calf, 12s. Boutell's Monumental Brasses, large paper Copy, on drawing paper, folio, half morocco, cloth sides, perfectly clean, 2l., published at 3l. 5s.

CHEAP BOOKS of a Miscellaneous Character, including long Articles on Natural History, Biography, &c., are to be seen in No. 36. of REEVES & TURNER'S CATALOGUE of BOOKS. SENT FREE on Application to

114. CHANCERY LANE.

LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 1, 1854.

Notes.

KENNINGTON COMMON.

Before all traces be lost of Kennington Common, so soon to be distinguished by the euphonious epithet of Park, let me put a Query to some of your antiquarian readers in relation thereunto; and suffer me to make the Query a peg, whereon to hang sundry and divers little notes. And pray let no one ridicule the idea that Kennington has its antiquities; albeit that wherever you look, new buildings, new bricks and mortar, plaster and cement, will meet your eye; yet, does not the manor figure in Domesday Book? Is it not dignified by the stately name of Chenintune? Was it not held by Theodoric of King Edward the Confessor? And did it not, in times gone by, possess a royal residence?

Here, at a Danish marriage, died Hardi Knute in 1041. Here, Harold, son of Earl Godwin, who seized the crown after the death of the Confessor, is said to have placed it on his own head. Here, in 1231, King Henry III. held his court, and passed a solemn and a stately Christmas. And here, says Matthew Paris, was held a Parliament in the succeeding year. Hither, says good old Stow, anno 1376, came the Duke of Lancaster to escape the fury of the populace of London, on Friday, February 20, the day following that on which Wicliffe had been brought before the bishops at St. Paul's. The Duke was dining "with one John of Ipres" when the news arrived, borne by a breathless messenger, that the people sought his life. When the Duke "leapt so hastily from his oysters, that he hurt both his legges against the foarme: wine was offered to his oysters, but hee would not drinke for haste; he fledde with his fellowe Syr Henry Percy, no man following them; and entring the Thamis, neuer stinted rowing vntill they came to a house neere the manor of Kenington (besides Lambeth), where at that time the Princesse was, with the young Prince, before whom hee made his complaint." Doubtless, Lambeth Marsh was then what its name imports. Hither also came a deputation of the chiefest citizens to Richard II., June 21, 1377, "before the old King was departed," "to accept him for their true and lawfull King and Gouernor." But the royal residence was destroyed before 1607. "The last of the long succession of royal tenants who inhabited the ancient site," says a writer in the Illustrated London News not long since (I have the cutting, but neglected to note the date of the paper), "was Charles I., when Prince of Wales: his lodging, a house built upon a part of the site of the old palace, is the only existing vestige, as represented in the accompanying engraving (in the Illus. Lond. News), unless earlier remains are to be found in the lower parts of the interior." But I believe that the identity of the site of this ancient mansion (which is situated on the western side of Lower Kennington Lane), with part of the site of the old palace, is not quite so certain as the writer appears to intimate. In 1720, however, the manor gave the title of Earl to William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, second son to George II.

Kennington Common acquired an unenviable notoriety from being the place of execution for malefactors tried in this part of the county. "After the suppression of the rebellion in Scotland in 1745, many of the insurgents having been convicted of treason at Southwark, here suffered the sentence of the law" (Dugdale's England and Wales, p. 1015.). "Seventeen officers of the rebel army were hanged, drawn, and quartered" on this spot. (Goldsmith's History, continued by Morell, 4to., 1807, vol. ii. p. 165.)

"One of the last executions which took place on Kennington Common was that of seven men; three of whom belonged to a notorious gang of housebreakers, eighteen in number. These men kept shops, and lived in credit: of the three who were executed, one made over a sum of 2000l. to a friend, previous to his trial. They confessed that the profits of their practices, for the five years past, had been upwards of 1500l. a year to each. This was in the year 1765."—From a cutting, sent me by a friend, from the Sunday Times' "Answers to Correspondents," March 13, 1853.

Here too occurred the Chartist meeting, on the memorable 10th of April, 1848.

Now comes my Query. Was there ever a theatre on Kennington Common? In the Biographia Dramatica of David Erskine Baker (edit. 1782, vol. ii. p. 239.), we are told, that the "satyrical comical allegorical farce," The Mock Preacher, published in 8vo. in 1739, was "Acted to a crowded audience at Kennington Common, and many other theatres, with the humours of the mob." Was it acted in a booth, or in a permanent theatre? The words, "many other theatres," almost give one the impression that the latter is indicated.

Many more notes might be added, but I fear lest this paper should already be too local to interest general readers. Suffice it to say, that Clayton Street, close to the Common, takes its name from the Clayton family; one member of which, Sir Robert Clayton, was sometime Master of the Drapers' Company, in whose Hall a fine portrait of him is preserved. Bowling Green Street derives its name from a bowling green which existed not very many years since. And White Hart Street from a field, which was so called certainly as early as 1785. On the Common was "a bridge called Merton Bridge, which formerly was repaired by the Canons of Merton Abbey, who had lands for that purpose." (Lysons' Environs, edit. 4to., 1792, vol. i. p. 327.)

It is due to your readers to state, that the authorities for the statements made in the former part of this paper are these: Lysons' Environs, ut supra, vol. i. pp. 325. 327.; Manning and Bray's Surrey, Lond., 1809, fol., vol. iii. pp. 484-488.; Stow, Annales, edit. 4to., 1601, pp. 432, 433.; and Bibl. Top. Brit., 4to., 1790, vol. ii. "History and Antiq. of Lambeth," p. 89.

W. Sparrow Simpson.

Kennington.

LIFE AND DEATH.

I have thrown together a few parallel passages for your pages, which may prove acceptable.

1. "To die is better than to live."

"I praised the dead which are already dead more than the living which are yet alive. Yea, better is he than both they, which hath not yet been, who hath not seen the evil work that is done under the sun."—Eccles. iv. 2, 3.

"Great travail is created for every man, and a heavy yoke upon the sons of Adam, from the day that they go out of their mother's womb, till the day that they return to the mother of all things."—Ecclus. xl. 1.: cf. 2 Esdr. vii. 12, 13.

"Never to have been born, the wise man first

Would wish; and, next, as soon as born to die."—Anth. Græc.(Posidippus).

In the affecting story of Cleobis and Biton, as related by Herodotus, we read,—

"The best end of life happened to them, and the Deity showed in their case that it is better for a man to die than to live."

"Διέδεξέ τε ἐν τούτοισι ὁ Θεὸς ὡς ἄμεινον εἴη ἀνθρώπῳ τεθάναι μᾶλλον ἢ ζώειν."—Herod., ΚΛΕΙΩ. i. 32.

"As for all other living creatures, there is not one but, by a secret instinct of nature, knoweth his owne good and whereto he is made able.... Man onely knoweth nothing unlesse hee be taught. He can neither speake nor goe, nor eat, otherwise than he is trained to it: and, to be short, apt and good at nothing he is naturally, but to pule and crie. And hereupon it is that some have been of this opinion, that better it had been, and simply best, for a man never to have been born, or else speedily to die."—Pliny's Nat. Hist. by Holland, Intr. to b. vii.

"Happy the mortal man, who now at last

Has through this doleful vale of misery passed;

Who to his destined stage has carry'd on

The tedious load, and laid his burden down;

Whom the cut brass or wounded marble shows

Victor o'er Life, and all her train of woes.

He, happier yet, who, privileged by Fate

To shorter labour and a lighter weight,

Received but yesterday the gift of breath,

Order'd to-morrow to return to death.

But O! beyond description, happiest he

Who ne'er must roll on life's tumultuous sea;

Who with bless'd freedom, from the general doom

Exempt, must never face the teeming womb,

Nor see the sun, nor sink into the tomb!

Who breathes must suffer; and who thinks must mourn;

And he alone is blessed who ne'er was born."—Prior's Solomon, b. iii.

The proverbs, "God takes those soonest whom He loveth best," and, "Whom the gods love die young," have been already illustrated in "N. & Q." (Vol. iii., pp. 302. 377.). "I have learned from religion, that an early death has often been the reward of piety," said the Emperor Julian on his death-bed. (See Gibbon, ch. xxiv.)

2. "Judge none blessed before his death."[1]

"Ante mortem ne laudes hominem," saith the son of Sirach, xi. 28.

Of this sentiment St. Chrysostom expresses his admiration, Hom. li. in. S. Eustath.; and heathen writers afford very close parallels:

"Πρὶν δ' ἂν τελευτήση ἐπισχέειν μηδὲ καλέειν κω ὄλβιον ἀλλ' εὐτυχέα," says Solon to Crœsus (Herod., ΚΛΕΙΩ. i. 32.): cf. Aristot., Eth. Nic. ch. x., for a comment on this passage.

Sophocles, in the last few lines of the Œdipus Tyrannus, thus draws the moral of his fearful tragedy:

"Ὥστε θνητὸν ὄντ', ἐκείνην τὴν τελευταίαν ἰδεῖν

Ἡμέραν ἐπισκοποῦντα, μηδέν' ὀλβίζειν, πρὶν ἂν

Τέρμα τοῦ βίου περάσῃ, μηδὲν ἀλγεινὸν παθών."

Elmsley, on this passage, gives the following references: Trach. I. Soph. Tereo, fr. 10.; ibid. Tyndar. fr. 1.; Agam., 937.; Androm., 100.; Troad., 509.; Heracl., 865.; Dionys. ap. Stob., ciii. p. 560.; Gesn., cv. p. 431.; Grot. To which I may add the oft-quoted lines,—

"Ultima semper

Expectanda dies, homini dicique beatus

Ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet."

In farther illustration of this passage from Ecclus., let us consider the Death of the Righteous.

"Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his," exclaims the truth-compelled and reluctant prophet, Numb. xxiii. 10.

The royal Psalmist, after reflecting on the prosperity of the wicked in this world, adds:

"Then thought I to understand this,

But it was too hard for me,

Until I went into the sanctuary of God:

Then understood I the end of these men."—Ps. lxxiii.

And again:

"I have seen the wicked in great power,

And spreading himself like a green bay-tree;

Yet he passed away, and, lo, he was not;

Yea, I sought him, but he could not be found.

Mark the perfect man,

And behold the upright,

For the end of that man is peace."—Ps. xxxvii. 35-37.: cf. the Prayer-Book version.

The prophet Isaiah declares:

"The righteous man is taken away because of the evil;

He shall go in peace, he shall rest in his bed;

Even the perfect man, he that walketh in the straight path."—Ch. lvii., Bp. Lowth's Trans.

"Sure the last end

Of the good man is peace! How calm his exit!

Night-dews fall not more gently to the ground,

Nor weary worn-out winds expire so soft.

Behold him! in the evening tide of life,

A life well spent, whose early care it was

His riper years should not upbraid his green:

By unperceived degrees he wears away;

Yet, like the sun, seems larger at his setting!

High in his faith and hopes, look how he reaches

After the prize in view! and, like a bird

That's hamper'd, struggles hard to get away!

Whilst the glad gates of sight are wide expanded

To let new glories in, the first fair fruits

Of the fast-coming harvest."—Blair's Grave.

"How blest the righteous when he dies!

When sinks the weary soul to rest!

How mildly beam the closing eyes!

How gently heaves the expiring breast!

"So fades the summer cloud away;

So sinks the gale when storms are o'er;

So gently shuts the eye of day;

So dies a wave upon the shore.

"Life's duty done, as sinks the clay,

Light from its load the spirit flies;

While heaven and earth combine to say,

'How blest the righteous when he dies!'"—Mrs. Barbauld.

"An eve

Beautiful as the good man's quiet end,

When all of earthly now is passed away,

And heaven is in his face."—Love's Trial.

"He sets

As sets the Morning Star, which goes not down

Behind the darken'd West, nor hides obscured

Among the tempests of the sky, but melts away

Into the light of heaven."

"As sweetly as a child,

Whom neither thought disturbs nor care encumbers,

Tired with long play, at close of summer's day

Lies down and slumbers."

A holy life is the only preparation to a happy death, says Bishop Taylor. And we have seen how much importance even heathen minds attached to peace at the last. Truly, as Kettlewell said while expiring, "There is no life like a happy death."

"Consider," says that excellent writer, Norris of Bemerton, "that this life is wholly in order to another, and that time is that sole opportunity that God has given us for transacting the great business of eternity: that our work is great, and our day of working short; much of which also is lost and rendered useless through the cloudiness and darkness of the morning, and the thick vapours and unwholesome fogs of the evening; the ignorance and inadvertency of youth, and the disease and infirmities of old age: that our portion of time is not only short as to its duration, but also uncertain in the possession: that the loss of it is irreparable to the loser, and profitable to nobody else: that it shall be severely accounted for at the great judgment, and lamented in a sad eternity."—"Of the Care and Improvement of Time," Miscel., 6th edit., p. 118.

Eirionnach.

Footnote 1:(return)

Cf. Sir Thos. Browne's Christian Morals, sect. ix.

BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR AND DEATH OF NELSON.

The following unpublished letter, as a historical document, is worth preserving in the pages of "N. & Q." It relates to the important national events of the battle of Trafalgar and death of Nelson. The writer was, at the time, a signal midshipman in the service, and only about thirteen years of age. He was a native of Glasgow, and died many years since, much respected.

H.M.S. Defence,
At anchor off Cadiz, 28 Oct. 1805.

My dear Betty [the writer's sister],

I have now the pleasure of writing you, after a noble victory over the French and Spanish fleets, on the 21st October, off Cape Spartel. We have taken, burnt and sunk, gone on shore, &c., twenty-one sail of the line. The names I will let [you] know after. On the 19[th] our frigates made the signal; the Combined Fleets were coming out; so as we were stationed between the frigate and our fleet, we repeated ditto to Lord Nelson. It being calm we could not make much way, but in the course of the night we got a strong breeze, and next morning our frigate made the signal for them, being all at sea. So on the afternoon of the 20[th] we saw them to leeward; but it was blowing fresh and very hazy, so Lord Nelson made our signal for a captain; so our captain went on board, and Lord Nelson told Captain Hope he expected he would keep sight of them all night. So on the morning of the 21st we observed them to leeward about two miles, so we made the signal to Lord Nelson how many the bearings, and everything; so brave Nelson bore down immediately; and at twelve o'clock Lord Nelson broke the southd line, and brave Admiral Collin[g]wood the north; and at two o'clock we were all in action. We were the last station'd ship; so when we went down we had two Frenchmen and one Spaniard on us at one time. We engag'd them forty-six minutes, when the "Achille" and "Polyphemus" came up to our assistance. The Spaniard ran away; we gave him chase, and fought him one hour and forty-six minutes, when he struck, and we boarded him, and have him safe at anchor, as we have not had a good wind. I am sorry to say poor Lord Nelson was wounded the second broadside. He went down and got his wounds dress'd, and he was wound'd a second time, and he just lived to hear of the victory. The ship we took, her name is the "San Ildifonzo," eighty-two guns, and a very fine ship, new. I don't think we will save more than twelve sail of them: but we have sunk, burnt, drove on shore, twenty-one sail of the line in all; and if we had not had a gale of wind next day we would have taken every one of them. We were riding close in shore with two anchors a-head, three cables on each bower, and all our sails were shot to pieces, ditto our rudder and stern, and mainmast, and everything; but, thank good, I am here safe, though there was more shot at my quarters than any other part of the ship. We are now at anchor, but expect to go to Gibraltar every day. I hope in good you are all in health: I was never better in all my life. My compts to all friends [&c. ...] and my dear father and mother.

I am
Your affectionate brother,
(Signed) Charles Reid.

You must excuse this letter, as half our hands are on board our prize, and have had no time. I have been two days writing this; five minutes one time and ten minutes another time, and so on. We are just getting under way for Gibraltar.

Now for the French and Spanish ships taken, burnt, run on shore, &c. &c.:

Bucentaure, 80, taken. French.

Santiss' Trinidada, 130, sunk. Spanish.

Santa, taken, but afterwards got into Cadiz.

Rayo, 110, sunk. French.

Bahama, 74, taken. French.

Argonauta, 80, sunk and burnt.

Neptuna, 90, on shore.

San Ildifonzo, 80, taken by the Defence.

Algazeras, 74, on shore; Swiftsure, 74, Gib.; Berwick, 74, Gib. All English ships taken by the French last war.

Intrepid, 74, burnt.

Aigle, 80, on shore.

Tonguer, 80, on shore [MS. uncertain].

De ..., 74, Gibraltar [ditto].

Argonauta, 74, Gib.

Redoubtable, 74, sunk.

Achell, 74, burnt.

Manareo, 74, on shore.

San Augustino, 74, Gibraltar.

There is not one English ship lost, but a number lost their masts. (Signed) C. R.

The writer had a brother, Andrew Reid, who bore a commission in the ships of Captain Parry in the first Arctic expedition.

G. N.

HERALDIC ANOMALY.

I beg to call the attention of the heraldic readers of "N. & Q." to a singular custom of displaying their coats of arms, peculiar to the Knights of St. John, of the venerable Language of England.

It is well known that the members of this valiant brotherhood, throughout Europe, bear their paternal shield alone, surmounted, as the badge of their profession, with the particular device of the order, that is, On a chief, gules, a cross argent. The English knights, with their paternal coat, bore also, party-per-pale, that of their mothers, with the chief of the order over both, a strange heraldic anomaly!

I have somewhere read, but where, for lack of a "note," I cannot recollect, that in making their proofs of nobility previous to their admission into the order, unlike the other Languages, the cavalier of England gave in only the names of their father and mother, but at the same time it was requisite that these two names should be able to prove a nobility of two hundred years each.

Perhaps the custom of bearing the paternal shield impaled with the maternal sprung from these proofs.

In the British Museum, Harl. MSS. 1386., may be seen three examples of this custom, in a paper entitled, A Note of certain Knights of Rhodes, "in prioratû Sancti Johannis Jerusalem."

1. Sir Thomas Docwra, Grand Prior of England, A.D. 1504, a knight not more renowned as a valiant man-at-arms, "preux et hardi," than as a skilful diplomatist; and who, on the death of Fabricio Caretto, A.D. 1520-1, was thought worthy to be put in competition for the Grand Mastership with the celebrated Villiers de L'Isle Adam, and, as Vertot tells us, only lost that dignity by a very trifling majority. His paternal coat—Sable, a cheveron engrailed argent, between three plates, on each a pale, gules—is impaled with that of his mother, Alice, daughter of Thomas Green, of Gressingham, in Yorkshire; Argent, a bugle-horn sable, stringed gules, between three griffins' heads, erased, of the second; over all, the chief of the order.

2. Sir Lancelot Docwra, near kinsman to Sir Thomas, and son of Robert Docwra, of Docwra-Hall, in Cumberland. His arms are impaled with—Or, a cross flory sable—the coat armour of his mother, Jane, daughter of Sir John Lamplugh, of Lamplugh, in the same county; one "of a race," as Denton says, "of valorous gentlemen, successively for their worthiness knighted in the field, all, or most part of them." The chief of the order also surmounts his shield.

3. The third is the shield of Sir John Randon; Gules, a bend checquy or and azure, impaling Argent, a frette, and on a chief, gules, three escallops of the field; over all, the chief of the order.

If any readers of "N. & Q." could furnish me with more examples, I should be much obliged.

John o' the Ford.

Malta.

FOLK LORE.

Three Maids.—There is a spot on the road from Winchester to Andover called the "Three Maids." They are I believe nameless. Tradition says that they poisoned their father, and were for that crime buried alive up to their necks. Travellers passing by were ordered not to feed them; but one compassionate horseman as he rode along threw the core of an apple to one, on which she subsisted for three days. Wonderful is it to state that three groups of firs sprung up miraculously from the graves of the three maids. Thus their memories have been perpetuated. The peasantry of Winchester and its neighbourhood for the most part accredit the story, and I see no reason for disbelieving the first part of it myself. Does any one know of a like punishment being awarded in olden times, when the tender mercies of the law were cruel and arbitrary?

Mother Russel's Post.—Whilst I am on the subject of folk lore I may as well add, that on the road to Kings Sombourn, of educational renown, there is a spot where four roads meet. Report says that a certain Mother Russel, who committed suicide, was buried there. A little girl in this village was afraid to pass the spot at night on account of the ghosts, which are supposed to haunt it in the hours of darkness. The rightful name of the place is "Mother Russel's Post."

Eustace W. Jacob.

Crawley.

Shrove Tuesday Custom (Vol. ix., p. 65.).—The Shrove Tuesday custom mentioned by Mr. Elliott as existing at Leicester, and an account of which he quotes from Hone's Year-Book, has been abolished within the last few years. There is, I believe, still a curious custom on that day at Ludlow, the origin and meaning of which has never, so far as I am aware, been discovered and stated.

"The corporation," I quote from a history of the town, "provide a rope, three inches in thickness, and in length thirty-six yards, which is given out at one of the windows of the Market House as the clock strikes four, when a large body of the inhabitants, divided into two parties, commence an arduous struggle, and as soon as either party gains the victory by pulling the rope beyond the prescribed limits, the pulling ceases, &c.

"Without doubt this singular custom is symbolical of some remarkable event, and a remnant of that ancient language of visible signs, which, says a celebrated writer, 'imperfectly supplies the want of letters to perpetuate the remembrance of public or private transactions.' The sign in this instance has survived the remembrance of the occurrence it was designed to represent, and remains a profound mystery. It has been insinuated that the real occasion of this custom is known to the corporation, but that, for some reason or other, they are tenacious of the secret."

The local historian then mentions an "obscure tradition," but as it is not in agreement with my own opinion, I omit it.

S. P. Q.

STORNELLO.

Verses, the rhymes of which return after the fashion of those printed in "N. & Q." (Vol. vi., p. 603., and Vol. vii., p. 174.), are commonly current among the peasants of Tuscany, and in many instances form the materials of their popular songs. It is probable that this description of rhyme originated in the "bel paese la dove 'l si suona." They usually turn on a combination of three words, as in those quoted in Vol vii. of "N. & Q." And the name stornello, as will be readily perceived, is derived from tornare, to return. I send you a specimen of one of them, which has a certain degree of historical interest attached to it, from its connexion with the movement of 1848. It was difficult to walk through the streets of Florence in those days without hearing it carolled forth by more than one Florentine Tyrtæus. Now, I need hardly say, "we never mention it—its name is never heard." The patriot-flag was a tricolor of white, red, and green, a nosegay of which colours a youth has brought to his mistress. She sings as follows:

"E gli dirò che il verde, il rosso, il bianco

Gli stanno ben con una spada al fianco.

E gli dirò che il bianco, il verde, il rosso,

Vuol dir che Italia il duro giogo ha scosso.

E gli dirò che il rosso, il bianco, il verde

E un terno che si giuoca e non si perde."

Of which the following rough version may serve to give a sufficiently-accurate idea of the meaning, for the benefit of your "country gentlemen" readers:

"And I'll tell him the green, and the red, and the white

Would look well by his side as a sword-knot so bright.

And I'll tell him the white, and the green, and the red

Mean, our country has flung the vile yoke from her head.

And I'll tell him the red, and the white, and the green

Is the prize that we play for, a prize that we'll win."

"Un terno che si giuoca" is a phrase which refers to the system of the public lotteries, established (so much to their shame) by the Italian governments; and a page of explanation of that system would be needful, to make any literal translation of it intelligible to an English reader.

In conclusion I may say, in reply to the Query of Henry H. Breen, that the Popes alluded to in the epigram cited by him as above referred to (Vol. vi., p. 603.), seem evidently to have been Julius II. (Rovere), Leo X. (Medici), Clement VII. (Medici), and Paul III. (Farnese). And the epigram in question says no more than the truth, in asserting that they all four occasioned infinite mischief to France.

T. A. T.

Florence.

Minor Notes.

Perspective.—There is a very common error in drawing walls, the plane of which is parallel to the plane of the picture. An instance of it occurs in the façade of Sennacherib's Palace, Layard's 2nd book on Nineveh, frontispiece. All the horizontal lines in the plane of the picture are drawn parallel. The fact is, that every line above or below the line of the horizon, though really parallel to it, apparently approaches it, as it is produced to the right or left. The reason is obvious. One point in the wall, viz. that on which you let fall a perpendicular from your eye, is nearest to your eye. The perpendicular height of the wall, as drawn through this point, must therefore appear greater than as drawn through any other point more to the right or left. The lines which are really parallel do therefore apparently converge on some point more or less distant, according to the distance of the wall from your eye. Every drawing in which this principle is not considered must, I think, appear out of perspective.

G. T. Hoare.

Tandridge.

"That."—I lately met with the following grammatical puzzle among some old papers. I forget from what book I copied it many years ago. Perhaps it may be new to some of your readers.

"I'll prove the word that I have made my theme,

Is that that may be doubled without blame,

And that that that thus trebled I may use,

And that that that that critics may abuse,

May be correct.—Farther, the Dons to bother,

Five thats may closely follow one another—

For, be it known that we may safely write

Or say that that that that that man writ was right;

Nay, e'en that that that that that that has followed

Through six repeats, the grammar's rule has hallowed,

And that that that (that that that that began),

Repeated seven times is right! Deny't who can."

McC.

Corporation Enactments.—In the town books of the Corporation of Youghal, co. Cork, among other singular enactments of that body are two which will now be regarded as curiosities. In the years 1680 and 1703, a cook and a barber received their freedom, on condition that they would respectively dress the mayor's feasts, and shave the Corporation, gratis!

Abhba.

Jacobite Club.—The adherents of the Stuarts are now nearly extinct; but I recollect a few years ago an old gentleman, in London, who was then upwards of eighty years of age, and who was a stanch Jacobite. I have heard him say that, "when he was a young man, his father belonged to a society in Aldersgate Street, called the 'Mourning Bush;' and this Bush was to be always in mourning until the Stuarts were restored." A member of this Society having been met in mourning when one of the reigning family had died, was asked by one of the members how it so happened? His reply was, that he was "not mourning for the dead, but for the living." The old gentleman was father of the Mercers' Company, and his brother of the Stationers' Company: they were bachelors, and citizens of the old school, hospitable, liberal, and charitable. An instance occurred, that the latter had a presentation to Christ's Hospital: he was applied to on behalf of a person who had a large family; but the father not being a freeman, he could not present it to the son. He immediately bought the freedom for the father, and gave the son the presentation! This is a rare act.

The brothers have long gone to receive the reward of their goodness, and lie buried in the cemetery attached to Mercers' Hall, Cheapside.

James Reed.

Sunderland.

Dean Nowell's first Wife.—Churton, in his Life of Alexander Nowell, dean of St. Paul's, p. 368., is at a loss to know the name of the dean's first wife. He says:

"Of his first wife nothing farther is known but that he was married, either to her or to his second wife, in or before the year 1561. His surviving wife, Eliz. Nowell, had been twice married before, and had children by both her former husbands. Laurence Ball appears to have been her first husband, and Thomas Blount her second."

The pedigree of Bowyer, in the Visitation of Sussex, in 1633-4, gives the name of the dean's first wife:

"Thomas
Bowyer
of London.

=

Jane, da. and heir of
Robert Merry, son
of Thomas Merry
of Hatfield.

=

Alexander Nowell,
dean of St. Paul's.
2nd husband."

Y. S.

"Oxoniana."—To your list of desirable reprints, I beg to add the very amusing work under this title, and originally published in four small volumes about fifty years since, and now become scarce. Additions and corrections would add to the value and interest of a work which preserves many curious traits of past times and of Oxford Dons.

Alpha.

An Epigram falsely ascribed to George Herbert.—The recent editors of George Herbert have printed as his, among his Latin poems, the last two lines of the 76th epigram of Martial's eighth book:

"Vero verius ergo quid sit, audi:

Verum, Gallice, non libenter audis."

J. E. B. Mayor.

Ingulph: Bohn's "Antiquarian Library."—Will you kindly allow me to avail myself of your columns to correct an error in my translation of "Ingulph," in Bohn's Antiquarian Library? In the note to page 2, the Abbey of Bardney, in Lincolnshire, is confounded with Partney, which was one of its cells. The mistake was not observed till, unfortunately, the sheet had been printed; and it was accidentally omitted among the errata. My authority had, I rather think, been misled by Camden.

Henry T. Riley.

31. St. Peter's Square, Hammersmith.

Queries.

QUOTATIONS WANTED.

"Quid levius calamo? Pulvis. Quid pulvere? Ventus.

Quid vento? Meretrix. Quid meretrice? Nihil."

"What is lighter than a feather?

Dust. The wind more light than either.

What is lighter than the wind?

Airy, fickle, womankind.

What than womankind is lighter?

Nothing, nothing—but the writer."

X. Y.

"The knights are dust,

Their good swords are rust,

Their souls are with the saint, we trust."

C. M. O'Caoimh.

"Circles are prized, not that abound

In greatness, but the exactly round.

Thus men are honoured, who excel,

Not in high state, but doing well."

G. C. H.

"Ill habits gather by unseen degrees,

As brooks to rivers, rivers run to seas."

S.

"The clanging trumpet sounds to arms,

And calls me forth to battle:

Our banners float 'midst war's alarms,

The signal cannons rattle."

T. W.

"Of whose omniscient and all-spreading love,

Aught to implore were impotence of mind."

Q.

"He no longer shall dwell

Upon that dirty ball,

But to heaven shall come,

And make punch for us all."

A Septuagenarian.

"Sometimes, indeed, an acre's breadth half green,

And half strewed o'er with rubbish, may be seen.

When lo! a board, with quadrilateral grace,

Stands stiff in the phenomenon of space,

Proposing still the neighbourhood's increase,

By, 'Ground to let upon a building lease.'"

H. W.

"Then what remains, but well our parts to chuse,

And keep good humour whatsoe'er we lose."

F. W. J.

"Bachelors of every station,

Listen to my true relation."

Also a ballad describing the visit of a countryman and his wife to Oxford. Both of Berkshire origin.

L.

"A fellow feeling makes us wond'rous kind."

W. V.

"Sir John once said a good thing."

Ξανθος.

SIR EDMUND PLOWDEN.

In your publication (Vol. iv., p. 319.), one of your correspondents has given some interesting particulars relative to Sir Edmund Plowden, New Albion, &c., and expresses the hope that Americans will hereafter do justice to the memory of one really deserving their respect. I am desirous of doing something to vindicate his memory and claims; and to this end should be greatly obliged if your correspondent would favour me with some additional facts. To get at these, I will put some of them in the interrogative form.

When and where was Sir Edmund born?

What is the evidence that he was in America from 1620 to 1630? If so, where (in what localities), and what capacity?

He says that his sister married a son of Secretary Lake, then in office; but Lake was turned out several years before 1630, and Lord Baltimore took his place, I think. Nor was Wentworth made Earl of Strafford till after the time of the petition.

He is said to have served five years in Ireland: in what capacity?

Who were Viscount Musherry, Lord Monson, Sir Thomas Denby, (Claiborne I know of), Capt. Balls; besides Sir John Laurence, Sir Bowyer Worstley, Barrett, &c.? Where did these parties "die, in America," in 1634?

Is the Latin original of the character in existence? There is an omission in the bounds given in the paper referred to: can I get an extract from the original entry of limits?

Did the charter ever pass the Great Seal?

Would it be valid, if only passed under the private seal?

Can the date of the grant to Danby be ascertained?

Are there any memoranda of Plowden's six years' residence as Governor of New Albion (I have some of his residence in Virginia)?

Can I get more definite facts about the misconduct of Francis?

The license for alienation, &c. is stated to have been obtained 15th of Charles, 1646; but the 15th of Charles was 1640. When did he arrive to attend to his property, and when was he imprisoned in the Fleet?

Who was Beauchamp Plantagenet, the author of the tract on New Albion, published in 1648?

Who were Robert Evelin, Captain Young, and Master Miles, mentioned in that tract?

Can you give me any additional facts, dates especially, of events and births, deaths, &c.?

I know not into whose hands these Queries will come; but I can say that, if they are answered, the cause of historic truth and justice will be served; and I shall have the aid I want towards correcting the misrepresentations and errors that have been accumulating for years on this point.

S. F. Streeter, Sec. Md. Hist. Soc.

Baltimore Md., March 2, 1854.

P. S.—I should like to inquire, through your publication, if any one can give me the family of Mr. Claiborne; and any facts in his history not stated in our works?

ANCIENT CLOCK, AND ODEVAERE'S HISTORY OF IT.

As a portion of the history of the magnificent clock, which came into my possession last year, is connected with Holland, I think it probable that I may, through the means of "N. & Q." and the Navorscher, be able to obtain the information respecting it which I desire. I shall therefore be very much obliged if you will give this communication a place.

It will be necessary to give a brief description of the clock, so as to enable parties on the other side of the water to recognise and identify it. The clock, which is of copper richly gilt, and elaborately engraved, stands about four feet high, independent of the pedestal. It is of architectural design, and is divided into three stories, having detached columns at each corner. The two lower stories contain the dials in the front. The upper story exhibits the groups of moving silver figures, which strike the quarters, hours, and move in procession whilst a tune is played by a chime of bells. The whole is surmounted by a dome, on which is placed a silver cock, which flaps his wings and crows when the clock strikes. It was made by Isaac Hahrecht (the artist who made the great clock in the cathedral at Strasburg), according to the inscription on it, in the year 1589: and is evidently a model of that celebrated work condensed into a single tower, since it performs all the feats of that clock. Its reputed history, as given in a printed account of it, is, that it was made for Pope Sixtus V., and was for more than two hundred years in the possession of the Court of Rome. It afterwards came into the possession of William I., King of the Netherlands, who authorised Odevaere the antiquary, now deceased, to investigate everything concerning it, and to give a description of it. What I should wish to know is, who was this Odevaere, and where is his description of it to be found? With regard to the history of the clock, I should wish to know the authority for the statement of its having been made for the Pope, when and how it came to leave the Vatican; how it became the property of the King of Holland; when and why it ceased to belong to the crown of Holland; and under what circumstances it came over to this country, where it was exhibited in 1850?

If any of the readers of "N. & Q.," or the Navorscher, can give me any information respecting it, I shall feel greatly obliged.

Octavius Morgan.

9. Pall Mall.

Minor Queries.

Spielberg, when built?—When and by whom was the prison of Spielberg, in Moravia, built? Has it been used exclusively as a state prison?

M. J. S.

"Ded. Pavli."—Can you give me any information respecting a tract entitled—

"Ded. Pavli Antiquarius, Theologia, et contra Perciocas Thologo Rvmætatis nostræ scholas Philippi Melanchthonis declamativncvla. Et quædam alia lectv dignissima."

F. Coleman.

16. Great St. Helens.

Mantelpiece: Mantelshelf: Mantelboard: Mantell and Brace.—What is the origin of this word, and whence came the thing? It must originally have had a use and a meaning, before it became a haven of rest for hyacinth-glasses, china monsters, Bohemian glass vases, and a thousand nick-nacks and odds and ends of drawing-room furniture, as it now is with us. It had, no doubt, some real work to do before it became what we are pleased to term ornamental.

C. D. Lamont.

Greenock.

Passage in Job.—The Rev. Moses Margoliouth will much oblige the writer, and some of his friends, by giving in "N. & Q." a literal translation of Job xix. 26. The authorised version is:

"And though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh I shall see God."

The marginal reference gives:

"After I shall awake, though this body be destroyed, yet out of my flesh shall I see God."

C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

Provincial Glossaries.—In an article in the 79th volume of the Edinburgh Review, on the provincialisms of the European languages, the writer says:

"There are some very copious early English vocabularies lying in manuscript in the Cathedral libraries of Durham, Winchester, and Canterbury; in the British Museum, King's College, and other depositories, deserving collection."

Will any of your learned readers inform me of the dates of the MSS. referred to, and by whom the collections were made? I would recommend them to the notice of the Camden Society.

Fra. Mewburn.

Chadderton of Nuthurst, co. Lancaster.—What crest did this family bear, and when did the family become extinct?

J. B.

A marvellous Combat of Birds.—In the Phœnix Britannicus, by J. Morgan, London, 4to., p. 250.[2], there is an account of—

"The wonderful battle of stares (or starlings), fought at Cork on Saturday 12th, and Monday 14th, October, 1621."

And this narration relates, that on the Sunday, October 13, the intervening day, the starlings absented themselves to fight at Woolwich, in Kent!!

Without vouching for the fact, or calling in question the prowess of this "Irish Brigade," I leave it to be confirmed or refuted by any reader of the "N. & Q."—comme bon lui semblera.

Σ.

P. S.—I would, à propos to the above subject, thank any reader of your miscellany to point out to me a work by a M. Hanhart (I believe is the name), which I think is upon Les Mœurs des Fourmis indigènes, in which are given some particulars of regular conflicts between ants. I am not aware of the exact title of the book, but I have seen an account of it in some Edinburgh periodical, if I am not mistaken.

Footnote 2:(return)

At p. 252. of the same article is an account of the battle of the gnats, noticed by Mr. E. W. Jacob.—Ed.

Battle of the Gnats.—In reading Stowe's Chronicles of England, I hit upon the following passage recorded in the reign of King Richard II., p. 509.:

"A fighting among gnats at the King's Maner of Shine, where they were so thicke gathered, that the ayre was darkned with them: they fought and made a great battaile. Two partes of them being slayne, fel downe to the grounde; the thirde parte hauing got the victorie, flew away, no man knew whither. The number of the deade was such that might be swepte uppe with besomes, and bushels filled weyth them."

This is a curious incident, and I have never heard of anything of the sort taking place in modern times. Would some of your readers who study natural history be good enough to give me another instance? I am at present inclined to think that the account is one of the many myths which Stow doubtless believed.

Eustace W. Jacob.

Sandford of Thorpe Salvine, Co. York.—Wanted, the arms and crest of the Sandfords of Thorpe Salvine. Also any particulars of the family, from the commencement of their residence at High Ashes, in the parish of Ashton-under-Lyne, co. Lancashire, until the termination of that residence. Were they of the same family with Sandford, Baron Mount Sandford?

J. B.

"Outlines of the History of Theology," 8vo., London, 1844, said to be privately printed. Any information as to the author, &c. will oblige

John Martin.

Woburn Abbey.

"Mawkin."—Is this word, which signifies here "a scarecrow," merely a Norfolk pronunciation of mocking? i. e. an imitation of a man—composed of coat, hat, &c. hung upon a cross bar of wood?

J. L. S.

"Plain Dealer."—Can any one of your readers inform me where I can see a copy of Aaron Hill's Plain Dealer, as originally published, and before it was collected and printed in two volumes?

D.

Hymn attributed to Handel.—Can any of your readers give information concerning a hymn which commences thus:

"We'll proclaim the wond'rous story

Of the mercies we receive,

From the day-spring's dawn in glory,

To the fading hour of eve."

It has been attributed to Handel. On what authority?

W. P. Storer.

Olney, Bucks.

Degrees in Arts.—In the diploma of Master of Arts which I obtained from the University of Edinburgh, occur the words:

"Cunctaque consecutum esse Privilegia, Immunitates, Jura, quæ hic aut usquam alibi Bonarum Artium Magistris concedi solent."

What are (or rather were, for I suppose they do not now exist) these privilegia, immunitates, and jura?

Annandale.

"Goloshes"—"Kutchin-kutchu."—What is the origin of goloshes, as the name of water-proof shoes? It is, of course, of American derivation. But has it any connexion with the tribe of North American Indians, the Goloshes? They are the immediate neighbours of those tribes of Esquimaux who form water-proof boats and dresses from the entrails of the seal; and a confusion of names may easily have occurred.

The expedition of Sir John Richardson to the Arctic shores, which suggests the above Query, also gives rise to another. Did any of your readers ever amuse themselves, as children, by performing the dance known as kutchin kutchu-ing; which consists in jumping about with the legs bent in a sitting posture? If so, have they not been struck with a philological mania, on seeing his picture of the Kutchin-Kutcha Indians dancing; in which the principal performer is actually figuring in the midst of the wild circle in the way described. Is not the nursery term something more than a mere coincidence?

Seleucus.

Cornwalls of London.—Perhaps some reader of "N. & Q." may be able to inform me what were the arms, crest, and motto of the Cornwalls of London? One of the family, John Cornwall, was a Director of the Bank of England in 1769.

F. C.

Beverley.

Flasks for Wine-bottles.—When, and under what circumstances, did the common use of flasks in this country, for holding wine, go out? Hogarth died in 1764, and in none of his pictures, I believe, is the wine-bottle, in its present shape, to be seen. On the other hand, I have never found any person able to remember the use of flasks, or indeed any other than the wine-bottle in its present shape. The change must have been rapidly effected between 1760 and 1790. Of course I am aware that certain wines, Greek, I believe, are still imported in flasks.

Henry T. Riley.

Froxhalmi, Prolectricus, Phytacus, Tuleus, Candos, Gracianus, and Tounu or Tonnu.—Can any of your correspondents suggest the meaning of these words, or either them? They are not in the recent Paris edition of Ducange.

Henry T. Riley.

Minor Queries with Answers.

Postmaster at Merton College.—Can you tell me whether there is any known derivation for the term "Postmaster," as applied to part of the members on the Foundation of Merton College, Oxford? Also, What connexion there is between this word and the Latin for it, which is seen on the college plate, in the words "In usum Portionistarum?"

J. G. T.

Ch. Ch.

[It seems probable that these postmasters formerly occupied one of the postern gates of the college. Hence we find Anthony à Wood, in his Life, August 1, 1635, says, "A fine of 30li. was set by the warden and fellowes of Merton College. When his father renewed his lease of the old stone-house, wherein his son A. Wood was borne (called antiently Portionists' or Postmasters' Hall), for forty yeares," &c. Again, April 13, 1664: "A meeting of the warden and fellowes of Merton College, where the renewing of the leases belonging to the family, concerning the housing (Portionists' Hall and its appurtenances) against Merton College, was by them proposed." Fuller, in his Church Hist., book III. cent. xiii. sect. 8., has given the origin of postmasters. "There is," says he, "a by-foundation in Merton College, a kind of college in the college, and this tradition goeth of their original:—Anciently there was, over against Merton College, a small unendowed hall, whose scholars had so run in arrears, that their opposite neighbours, out of charity, took them into their college (then but nine in number) to wait on the fellows. But since, they are freed from any attendance, and endowed with plentiful maintenance.... Bishop Jewel was a postmaster, before removed hence to be fellow of Corpus Christi." Consult also Oxoniana, vol. ii. pp. 15-22. The Portionistæ, or Postmasters, did not reside in the college till the latter end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, but in a hall opposite to it, which had been provided for the use of the college by Peter de Habinton, or Habendon, the first warden. It afterwards became the property of the father of Anthony à Wood, and beneath its roof that distinguished antiquary was born, December 17, 1632. The second brother of Anthony became one of the postmasters of Merton College.]

"Lyra Apostolica."—Can you inform me who were the writers in the Lyra Apostolica who assumed the letters α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ?

Tyro.

[We have heard the initials attributed to the following writers:—α, Bowden; β, R. H. Froude; γ, John Keble; δ, J. H. Newman; ε, Isaac Williams; ζ, Wilberforce.]

East Dereham Manor.—Is it true that "the manor of East Dereham of the Queen" was wrested from the See of Ely by Queen Elizabeth's celebrated threat of "unfrocking?"

S. Z. Z. S.

[The memorable unique epistle from the maiden Majesty of England only deprived Dr. Cox, at that time, of his town-house and fair gardens, called Ely Place, on Holborn Hill, reserving to himself and his successors free access, through the gate-house, of walking in the garden, and leave to gather twenty bushels of roses yearly therein! During the life of Dr. Cox an attempt was made by Elizabeth on some of the best manors belonging to the See of Ely; but it was not till that of his successor, Dr. Martin Heton, that Dereham Grange, with other manors, were alienated to the Crown. See Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. i. p. 466.]

Quakers executed in North America.—Were there not several Quakers hanged in North America on account of their religious opinions? And can you inform me where an account of the circumstances attending this persecution (if there ever was such an one) can be found?

Alfred Conder.

[Three Quakers were executed at Boston in 1659, viz. William Robinson, merchant of London; Marmaduke Stevenson of Yorkshire; and Mary Dyar. An account of the cruelties inflicted upon them is given in Sewell's History of the Quakers, edit. 1725, pp. 219-227.; also in a pamphlet entitled A Declaration of the sad and great Persecution and Martyrdom of the People of God, called Quakers, in New England, for the Worshipping of God: London, printed for Robert Wilson, in Martin's-le-Grand, 1661. It will be found among the King's Pamphlets in the British Museum.]

Inscription in Fulham Church.—I should esteem it a favour if any one of your numerous correspondents would furnish me with a correct copy of the inscription to the memory of the son of Colonel Wm. Carlos, who so nobly defended Charles II. at the battle of Worcester.

J. B. Whitborne.

["Here lieth William Carlos of Stafford, who departed this life, in the twenty-fifth yeare of his age, the 19th day of May, 1668.

'Tis not bare names that noble fathers give

To worthy sonnes: though dead, in them they live;

For in his progeny, 'tis Heaven's decree,

Man only can on earth immortall bee;

But Heaven gives soules wh grace doth sometymes bend

Early to God their rice and Soveraigne end.

Thus, whilst that earth, concern'd, did hope to see

Thy noble father living still in thee,

Careless of earth, to heaven thou didst aspire,

And we on earth, Carlos in thee desire."

Arms: an oak on a fesse, three regal crowns.]

Hero of the "Spanish Lady's Love."—Was Sir John Bolle, of Thorpe Hall, near Louth, the hero of the Spanish Lady's Love? The Bolle pedigree is in Illingworth's History of Scampton.

S. Z. Z. S.

[According to Ormerod's Cheshire, vol. iii. p. 333., Sir Urian Legh, of Adlington, disputes the fact of being the hero of that romantic affair. "Sir Urian Legh was knighted by the Earl of Essex at the siege of Cadiz, and during that expedition is traditionally said to have been engaged in an adventure which gave rise to the well-known ballad of 'The Spanish Lady's Love.' A fine original portrait of Sir Urian, in a Spanish dress, is preserved at Bramall, which has been copied for the family at Adlington." So that between these two chivalrous knights it is difficult to decide which is the famed gallant. From the care exercised by Mr. Illingworth in collecting all the anecdotes and notices of the Bolle family, the presumptive evidence seems to favour his hero.]

"Bothy."—In the March Number of Blackwood's Magazine, 1854, the word "bothy" is frequently used in an article called "News from the Farm." Will some one of your numerous correspondents give me a little account of "the bothy system?"

F. M. Middleton.

[A bothy is a cottage or hut where labouring servants are lodged, and is sometimes built of wood, as we read in the Jacobite Relics, ii. 189.:

"Fare thee well, my native cot,

Bothy of the birken tree!

Sair the heart, and hard the lot,

O' the lad that parts wi' thee."

Bothies, or detached houses, in which the unmarried farm-servants sleep and prepare their victuals, and of which there is a considerable number in Perthshire, though convenient and beneficial in some respects, have not, certainly, contributed to the formation of virtuous habits. These servants are often migratory, removing frequently at the expiration of the year, according as humour or caprice may dictate, and, like birds of passage, taking their departure to other lands.]

"Children in the Wood."—Was Weyland Wood in Norfolk the scene of the "Children in the Wood?"

S. Z. Z. S.

[The following account of this tradition is given in Beauties of England and Wales, vol. xi. p. 269., Norfolk:—"Near the town of Watton is Weyland Wood, vulgarly called Wailing Wood, from a tradition that two infants were basely murdered in it by their uncle; and which furnished the story of a beautifully pathetic and well-known ancient ballad, entitled "The Children in the Wood, or the Norfolk Gentleman's Last Will and Testament," preserved in Percy's Reliques.]

Replies.

BRYDONE THE TOURIST.

(Vol. ix., pp. 138. 255.)

In reply to H. R. NÉE F., I beg to state that the writer of the remarks alluded to, on Brydone's Tour in Sicily and Malta, was the Rev. Robert Finch, M.A., formerly of Balliol College in this University, and who died about the year 1830. When I met with Mr. Finch's honest and somewhat blunt expression of opinion, recorded in a copy which once belonged to him, of Brydone's Tour, I was quite ignorant of the hostile criticisms that had appeared at different times on that once popular work; but knowing Mr. Finch's high character for scholarship, and a knowledge of Italy, I thought his remark worth sending to a publication intended, like "N. & Q.," as "A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men, Antiquaries," &c., who are well able to examine a Note of the kind; and either to accept it as valid, or to reject it as untenable. On referring now to some standard works, in order to discover the opinions of learned men respecting Mr. Brydone's Tour, the first work I looked into was the Biographie Universelle (in eighty-three volumes, and not yet completed, Paris, 1811-1853), in vol. lix. of which the following observations occur, under the name of Brydone (Patrice):

"On lui a reproché d'avoir sacrifié la vérité au plaisir de raconter des choses piquantes. On l'avait accusé aussi d'avoir, par son indiscretion, suscité à l'Abbé Recupero, Chanoine de Catane, une persécution de la part de son évêque. Cette indiscretion n'eut pas heureusement un résultat aussi facheux; mais ses erreurs sur plusieurs points sont évidentes; il donne 4000 toises de hauteur à l'Etna qui n'en a que 1662; il commet d'autres fautes qui ont été relevées par les voyageurs venus après lui. Bartels (Briefe über Kalabrien und Sicilien, 2te Auflage, 3 Bd., 8vo., Götting. 1791-92) est même persuadé que le voyage au sommet de l'Etna, chef-d'œuvre de narration, n'est qu'un roman, et cet avis est partagé par d'autres."

Göthe says (Werke, Band xxviii. pp. 189, 190.: Stuttgart, 1830) that when he inquired at Catania respecting the best method of ascending Mount Etna, Chevalier Gioeni, the professor of natural history there, gave him the following advice and information:

"Als wir den Ritter um die Mittel befragten wie man sich benehmen müsse um den Aetna zu besteigen, wollte er von einer Wagniss nach dem Gipfel, besonders in der gegenwärtigen Jahreszeit gar nichts hören. Ueberhaupt, sagte er, nachdem er uns um Verzeihung gebeten, die hier ankommenden Fremden sehen die Sache für allzuleicht an; wir andern Nachbarn des Berges sind schon zufrieden, wenn wir ein paarmal in unserm Leben die beste Gelegenheit abgepasst und den Gipfel erreicht haben. Brydone, der zuerst durch seine Beschreibung die Lust nach diesem Feuergipfel entzündet, ist gar nicht hinauf gekommen."

From these quotations it is evident, that Mr. Finch was not singular in the belief he entertained; and certainly the scepticism of men so eminent as Professor Gioeni, Dr. Barthels, and Messrs. Eyriès and Parisot (the French writers whose names are attached to the Memoir in the Biog. Univ.), must be grounded on reasons deserving of attention. An ordinary reader of Brydone would accept the account of his ascent with implicit confidence; but when veteran professors, scientific men, and experienced travellers and scholars refuse to believe that he reached the summit of Etna, the most probable mode of accounting for their incredulity is, perhaps to suppose, that in their opinion he had mistaken some other part of the mountain for the real summit. Not having met with any detail of their reasons for disbelief, I am only able to state their bare assertion. In my opinion, the beautifully glowing and poetical description of the magic scene beheld by Brydone from the mountain—a description, the perusal of which, in youth, remains for ever after imprinted on the memory, like a passage from Addison or Gibbon, could only have been written by an actual spectator.

John Macray.

Oxford.

"THE RED COW"—CROMWELL'S CARRIAGES, ETC.

(Vol. ix., p. 87.)

I have known "The Red Cow," at the top of Granham Hill, near Marlborough, for fifty years, but do not recollect ever to have heard of any particular origin for the sign.

The old carriages at Manton were built about a century and a half ago, perhaps not so much, for one of the Baskerville family, on the occasion of his being sheriff of the county to which he belonged, probably Wilts or Hereford. There are two of them: one a square coach, and the other a very high phaeton. The Baskerville arms—Ar. a chevron gu. between three hurts, impaling, quarterly, one and four, or, a cross moline az, two and three, gu. a chevron ar. between three mallets or—are painted on the panels. As I have no ordinary of arms at hand, I cannot ascribe this impalement; but will trust to some more learned herald among your correspondents to determine who the lady was? When her name, perhaps Moleyns or Molyneaux, is ascertained, reference to a Baskerville pedigree would probably determine the husband, and the precise date of the carriages, which could not have belonged to the Protector.

O. Cromwell's arms were, Sable, a lion rampant ar. There were also two families styled Williams alias Cromwell: one of which bore, Gu. three cheverons ar. between as many lions rampant or; the other, Sa. a lion rampant ar., the same as Oliver's coat, and probably derived by him from the Williams family.

I have wandered from "The Red Cow," but I will not omit to hazard an idea for the consideration of Glywysydd. Marlborough has changed its armorial bearings several times; but the present coat, containing a white bull, was granted by Harvey, Clarenceux in A.D. 1565. Cromwell was attached to Cowbridge and its cow by family descent; so he was to Marlborough by congeniality of sentiment with the burghers. Query, Whether, in affection to the latter, he granted to the town a new coat, some such as the following: Gules, a bull passant argent, armed or, impaling a cow passant regardant gules: and so might originate "The Red Cow" upon Granham Hill. History is entirely silent upon this point; but if such a combination were ever given to Marlborough, it is quite certain that Harvey's grant was resumed at the Restoration. I have quite forgotten to remark, that there is a suburb at Marlborough called Cowbridge—a fact which seems to strengthen my hypothesis.

A cow may be borne by some name, but at present I only recollect that of Vach: to which is accorded, Ar. three cows' heads erased sable. Bulls and oxen occur frequently; as in Fitz-Geffrey, Cowley, Bull, Oxley, Oxcliffe, Oxendon, &c. Bulls' heads belong to the families of Bullock, Hillesdon, Fleming, Barbor, Frend, Gornay, Bullman, and Williams, a baronet, &c.

Patonce.

FOX-HUNTING.

(Vol. viii., p. 172.)

As no answer to the Query on "Fox-hunting" has yet appeared in "N. & Q.," I venture to send the following extracts from an article in the Quarterly Review, March 1832, on "The Management of Hounds and Horses," by Nimrod. It appears that "the first public notice of fox-hunting" occurs in the reign of Richard II., who gave permission to the Abbot of Peterborough to hunt the fox:

"In Twice's Treatise on the Craft of Hunting, Reynard is thus classed:

'And for to sette young hunterys in the way

To venery, I cast me fyrst to go;

Of which four bestes be, that is to say,

The Hare, the Herte, the Wulf, and the wild Boar:

But there ben other bestes, five of the chase,

The Buck the first, the seconde is the Do;

The Fox the third, which hath hard grace,

The ferthe the Martyn, and the last the Roe.'

"It is indeed quite apparent, that until at most a hundred and fifty years ago, the fox was considered as an inferior animal of the chase; the stag, buck, and even hare, ranking before him. Previously to that period, he was generally taken in nets or hays, set on the outside of his earth: when he was hunted, it was among rocks and crags, or woods inaccessible to horseman: such a scene in short, or nearly so, as we have drawn to the life in Dandie Dinmont's primitive chasse in Guy Mannering. It is difficult to determine when the first regularly appointed pack of hounds appeared among us. Dan Chaucer gives the thing in embryo:

'Aha, the fox! and after him they ran;

And eke with staves many another man.

Ran Coll our dogge, and Talbot, and Gerlond,

And Malkin with her distaff in her hond.

Ran cow and calf, and eke the very hogges,

So fered were for the barking of the dogges,

And shouting of the men and women eke,

They ronnen so, hem thought her hertes brake.'

"At the next stage, no doubt, neighbouring farmers kept one or two hounds each; and, on stated days, met for the purpose of destroying a fox that had been doing damage to their poultry yards. By and bye, a few couple of strong hounds seem to have been kept by the small country esquires or yeomen who could afford the expense, and they joined packs. Such were called trencher hounds, implying that they ran loose about the house, and were not confined in kennel."

These are but short extracts, but they comprise the whole of what is said on the first origin of fox-hunting. The rest of the article treats of the quality and breed of horses and hounds.

Frederick M. Middleton.

WEATHER RULES.

(Vol. viii., pp. 50. 535.)

St. Vincent's Day, Jan. 22.—In Brand's Popular Antiquities, Bohn's edition, vol. i. p. 38., is to be found the following notice of this day:

"Mr. Douce's manuscript notes say: 'Vincenti festo si Sol radiet, memor esto;' thus Englished by Abraham Fleming:

'Remember on St Vincent's Day,

If that the Sun his beams display.'

"[Dr. Foster is at a loss to account for the origin of this command, &c.]"

It is probable that the concluding part of the precept has been lost; but a curious old manuscript, which fell into my hands some years since, seems to supply the deficiency. The manuscript in question is a sort of household book, kept by a family of small landed proprietors in the island of Guernsey between the years 1505 and 1569. It contains memoranda, copies of wills, settlements of accounts, recipes, scraps of songs and parts of hymns and prayers; some Romanist, some Anglican, some of the Reformed Church in France. Among the scraps of poetry I find the following rhymes on St. Vincent's Day; the first three lines of which are evidently a translation of the Latin verse above quoted, the last containing the to be remembered:

"Prens garde au jour St. Vincent,

Car sy ce jour tu vois et sent

Que le soleil soiet cler et biau,

Nous érons du vin plus que d'eau."

These lines follow immediately after the rhymed prognostications to be drawn from the state of the weather on St. Paul's Day, Jan. 28. As these verses differ from those quoted in Brand, from an Almanack printed at Basle in 1672, I here give the Guernsey copy:

"Je te donneray ugne doctryne

Qui te vauldra d'or ugne myne;

Et sordement sur moy te fonde,

Car je dure autant que ce monde:

Et sy te veulx byen advertir

Et que je ne veulx point mentir.

De mortaylle guerre ou chertey,

[A line appears to be lost here]

Si le jour St. Paul le convers

Se trouve byaucob descouvert,

L'on aura pour celle sayson

Du bled et du foyn à foyson;

Et sy se jour fait vant sur terre,

Ce nous synyfye guerre;

S'yl pleut ou nège sans fallir

Le chier tans nous doet asalir;

Si de nyelle faict, brunes ou brouillars,

Selon le dyt de nos vyellars,

Mortalitey nous est ouverte."

Another line appears to be omitted here; then follow immediately the lines on St. Vincent's Day.

Edgar MacCulloch.

Guernsey.

The following is copied from an old manuscript collection of curiosities in my possession. I should be glad to know the author's name, and that of the book[3] from which it is taken:—

"Observations on Remarkable Days, to know how the whole Year will succeed in Weather, Plenty, &c.

"If it be lowering or wet on Childermas or Innocence Day, it threatens scarcity and mortality among the weaker sort of young people; but if the day be very fair, it promiseth plenty.

"If New Year's Day, in the morning, open with dusky red clouds, it denotes strifes and debates among great ones, and many robberies to happen that year.

"It is remarkable on Shrove Tuesday, that as the sun shine little or much on that day, or as other weather happens, so shall every day participate more or less of such weather till the end of Lent.

"If the sun shines clear on Palm Sunday, or Easter Day, or either of them, there will be great store of fair weather, plenty of corn, and other fruits of the earth.

"If it rains on Ascension Day, though never so little, it foretells a scarcity to ensue that year, and sickness particularly among cattle; but if it be fair and pleasant, then to the contrary, and pleasant weather mostly till Michaelmas.

"If it happen to rain on Whitsunday, much thunder and lightning will follow, blasts, mildews, &c. But if it be fair, great plenty of corn.

"If Midsummer Day be never so little rainy, the hazel and walnut will be scarce, corn smitten in many places; but apples, pear and plums will not be hurt.

"If on St. Swithin's Day it proves fair, a temperate winter will follow; but if rainy, stormy, or windy, then the contrary.

"If St. Bartholomew Day be misty, the morning beginning with a hoar frost, then cold weather will soon ensue, and a sharp winter attended with many biting frosts.

"If Michaelmas Day be fair, the sun will shine much in the winter; though the wind at north-east will frequently reign long, and be very sharp, and nipping."

Ruby.

Footnote 3:(return)

The Shepherd's Kalendar, by Thomas Passenger. See "N. & Q." Vol. viii., p. 50., where many of his observations are quoted.—Ed.

BINGHAM'S ANTIQUITIES.

(Vol. ix., p. 197.)

I beg to send to your correspondent Mr. Richard Bingham the following replies to his seven Queries.

1. If there be any use in verifying so slight a verbal reference to Panormitan, one of whose huge folios, Venet. 1473, I have examined in vain, perhaps the object might be attained by the assistance of such a book as Thomassin's Vetus et Nova Ecclesiæ Disciplina, in the chapter "De Episcopis Titularibus," tom. i.

2. Bishop Bale's description of the monks of Bangor is to be found in his Scriptor. Britann. Catal. Compare Richard Broughton's True Memorial of the ancient State of Great Britain, pp. 39. 40, ed. an. 1650.

3. I should think in his Colloquies, and most probably in the Peregrinatio Religionis ergo. Erasmus, in his Modus orandi Deum, also observes that "quidam in concionibus implorant opem Virginis," and condemns the "vestigia veteris Paganismi." (sigg. u and s 2, Basil, 1551.)

4. Respecting the existence of what is called the Epistle of St. Athanasius to Eustathius, Cardinal Bona was right and Bingham in error. Vide St. Athan., Opp. ii. 560, ed. Bened.

5. Bingham was seriously astray in consequence of his misunderstanding Bona, who does not by any means refer to Pamelius, but to the anonymous author of the Antiquitatum Liturgicarum Syntagma, who is believed to have been Florentius Vanderhaer. If Pamelius is to be introduced at all, the reference in Bingham should be, not to "tom. iii. p. 307.," but to i. 328-30. I would remark too that, in the heading of one of the extracts subjoined, "ex Vita Ambrosiana," should be "ex Ritu Ambrosiano."

6. Joannes Semeca did not flourish A.D. 1250, but died in 1243. Suicer wrongly refers to "Dist. IV. cap. iv.," and Harding, more inaccurately, to "Dist. IV. can. iv." (Bp. Jewel's Works, ed. Jelf, i. 419.) Cap. xxviii. is the one intended, and there is no corruption whatsoever.

7. Joseph Bingham was only closely following Barrow. The first edition of De la Bigne's Bibliotheca Patrum, tom. i., also has the evidently senseless reading, "ista quidam ego," instead of "nego," about which see Comber's Roman Forgeries, ii. 187. For MSS. of the Epistles of Pope Symmachus, your correspondent may consult the Carmelite Lud. Jacob à S. Carolo's Bibliotheca Pontifica, p. 216.; or, much more successfully, De Montfaucon's Bibliotheca Bibliothecarum Manuscriptorum, Paris, 1739.

R. G.

Should Mr. Richard Bingham not yet have verified the reference to Erasmus, I beg to furnish him with the means of doing so but I am tolerably certain that I recollect having met with another place in which this admirable writer more fully censures those preachers of his Church who, at the commencement of their sermons, called upon the Virgin Mary for assistance, in a manner somewhat similar to that in which heathen poets used to invoke the Muses. The following passage, however, may be quite sufficient for your correspondent's purpose:

"Sed si est fons gratiæ, quid opus est illi dicere Ora pro nobis? Non est probabile eam consuetudinem à gravibus viris inductam, sed ab inepto quopiam, qui, quòd didicerat apud Poëtas propositioni succedere invocationem, pro Musa supposuit Mariam."—Des. Erasmi Roterod. Apologia adversus Rhapsodias calumniosarum querimoniarum Alberti Pii, quondam Carporum Principis, p. 168. Basil. in off. Froben. 1531.

R. G.

ANCIENT TENURE OF LANDS.

(Vol. ix., p. 173.)

About the close of the tenth century (and perhaps much earlier) there began to arise two distinct modes of holding or possessing land: the one a feud, i.e. a stipendiary estate; the other allodium, the phrase applied to that species of property which had become vested by allotment in the conquerors of the country. The stipendiary held of a superior; the allodialist of no one, but enjoyed his land as free and independent property. The interest of the stipendiary did not originally extend beyond his own life, but in course of time it acquired an hereditary character which led to the practice of subinfeudation; for the stipendiary or feudatory, considering himself as substantially the owner, began to imitate the example of his lord by carving out portions of the feud to be held of himself by some other person, on the terms and conditions similar to those of the original grant. Here B. must be looked upon as only vassal to A., his superior or lord; and although feuds did not originally extend beyond the life of the first vassal, yet in process of time they were extended to his heirs, so that when the feudatory died, his male descendants were admitted to the succession, and in default of them, then such of his male collateral kindred as were of the blood of the first feudatory, but no others; therefore, in default of these, it would consequently revert to A., who had a reversionary interest in the feud capable of taking effect as soon as B.'s interest should determine. If the subinfeudatory lord alienated, it would operate as a forfeiture to the person in immediate reversion.

W. T. T.

As a very brief reply to the queries of J. B., permit me to make the following observations.

The Queen is lady paramount of all the lands in England; every estate in land being holden, immediately or mediately, of the crown. This doctrine was settled shortly after the Norman Conquest, and is still an axiom of law.

Until the statute Quia Emptores, 18 Edw. I., a tenant in fee simple might grant lands to be holden by the grantee and his heirs of the grantor and his heirs, subject to feudal services and to escheat; and by such subinfeudation manors were created.

The above-named statute forbade the future subinfeudation of lands, and consequently hindered the further creation of manors. Since the statute a seller of the fee can but transfer his tenure. There are instances in which one manor is holden of another, both having been created before the statute.

In the instance mentioned by J. B. it is presumed that the hamlet escheated to the heirs of A. on failure of the heirs of B. (See the statute De Donis Conditionalibus, 13 Edw. I.)

It is not, and never was, necessary, or even possible, that the lord of a manor should be the owner of all the lands therein; on the contrary, if he were, there would be no manor; for a manor cannot subsist without a court baron, and there can be no such court unless there are freehold tenants (at least two in number) holding of the lord. The land retained by the lord consists of his own demesne and the wastes, which last comprise the highways and commons. If the lord should alienate all the lands, but retain his lordship, the latter becomes a seignory in gross.

Such was and is the tenure of lands in England, so far as concerns the queries of J. B. He will find the subject lucidly explained at great length in the second volume of Blackstone's Commentaries.

I. Ctus.

Lincoln's Inn.

I think that J. B. will find in Blackstone, or any elementary book on the law of real property, all the information which he requires. The case which he puts was, I suppose, the common case of subinfeudation before the statute of Quia Emptores, 18 Edw. I. A., the feoffor, reserved to himself no estate or reversion in the land, but the seignory only, with the rent and services, by virtue of which he might again become entitled to the land by escheat, as for want of heirs of the feoffee, or by forfeiture, as for felony. If the feoffment were in tail, the land would then, as now, revert on failure of issue, unless the entail had been previously barred. The right of alienation was gradually acquired; the above statute of Quia Emptores was the most important enactment in that behalf. With this exception, and the right to devise and to bar entails, the lords of manors have the same interest in the land held by freeholders of the manor that they had in times of subinfeudation. (Blackstone's Comm., vol. ii. ch. 287., may be carefully consulted.)

H. P.

Lincoln's Inn.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Spots on Collodion Pictures, &c.—The principal difficulty I experience in the collodion process is occasioned by the appearance of numberless very minute spots or points over the whole extent of the picture. These occurring on the whites of my pictures (positives) give them a rough, rubbed, appearance and want of density, which I should feel obliged if any of your correspondents can teach me how to overcome.

One of your photographic querists inquires the remedy for his calotype negatives darkening all over before the minor details are brought out. I had for a long time been troubled in the same way, but by diminishing the aperture of my three-inch lens to half an inch, and reducing the strength of my sensitising solution to that given by Dr. Diamond, and, in addition, by developing with gallic acid alone until the picture became tolerably distinct in all its parts, and then applying the gallo-nitrate, I have quite succeeded in obtaining first-rate negatives. It is well to prepare only a small quantity of aceto-nitrate at once, as the acetic acid is of a sufficiently volatile nature to escape from the solution, which is a not unfrequent cause of the general darkening of the picture. It would be well to substitute a more fixed acid for the acetic if this be practicable, as it is in the collodion process, where tartaric is recommended.

H. C. Cowley.

Devizes, Wilts.

The Double Iodide Solution.—The great difference in the quantity of iodide of potassium ordered by different persons, to dissolve a given weight of iodide of silver in a given volume of water, has induced me to make some experiments on the subject. I find that using pure nitrate of silver, and perfectly pure iodide of potassium (part of a parcel for which Mr. Arnold, who manufactures iodine on a large scale in this island, got a medal at the Exhibition of 1851), the quantity of iodide of potassium required varies, cæteris paribus, to the extent of 15 per cent., with the quantity of water added to the iodide of silver before adding the iodide of potassium; the minimum required being when the two salts act on each other in as dry a form as possible. Take the precipitate of iodide of silver, got by decomposing 100 grains of nitrate of silver with 97.66 grains of iodide of potassium; drain off the last water completely, so that the precipitate occupies not more than five or six drachms by measure; throw on it 640 grains of iodide of potassium; rapid solution ensues; when perfectly clear, add water up to four ounces: the solution remains unclouded. But if two or three ounces of water had been first poured on the iodide of silver, 680 grains, as I stated in my former paper, would have been required, and perhaps 734. The rationale is, I suppose, that in a concentrated form the salts act on each other with greater energy, and a smaller quantity of the solvent is required than if it is diluted. Many analogous cases occur in chemistry. I hope this little experiment will be useful to others, as a saving of 15 per cent. on the iodide of potassium is gained. As a large body of precipitated iodide of silver can be more completely drained than a smaller quantity, in practice it will be found that small precipitates require a few grains more than I have stated: thus, throw on the precipitate of iodide of silver (got from 150 grains of nitrate), drained dry, 960 grains of iodide of potassium; solution rapidly ensues, which, being made up to six ounces, the whole remains perfectly clear; whereas the iodide of silver thrown down from 50 grains of nitrate, similarly treated with 320 grains of iodide of potassium, and made up to two ounces (the proportional quantities), will probably require 10 or 15 grains more of iodide to effect perfect solution, the reason being that it contained a greater quantity of water pro ratâ than the first.

The following table, showing the exact quantities of iodide of potassium required to decompose 50, 100, and 150 grains of nitrate of silver, the resulting weight of iodide of silver, and the weight of iodide of potassium to make a clear solution up to 2, 4, and 6 ounces, will often be found useful:

Grs.

Grs.

Grs.

Nitrate of silver

  50

100

150

Iodide of potassium

  48.83

  97.66

146.49

Iodide of silver

  68.82

137.64

206.46

Iodide of potassium

320

640

960

Water up to

2 oz.

4 oz.

6 oz.

T. L. Mansell, A.B., M.D.

Guernsey.

Mounting Photographs (Vol. ix., p. 282.).—J. L. S. will find the "Indian-rubber glue," which is sold in tin cases, the simplest and cleanest substance for mounting positives; it also possesses the advantage of being free from the attacks of insects.

Seleucus.

Replies to Minor Queries.

Books on Bells (Vol. ix., p. 240.).—Add to Mr. Ellacombe's curious list of books on bells the following:

"Duo Vota consultiva, unum de Campanis, alterum de Cœmeteriis. In quibus de utriusque antiquitate, consecratione, usu et effectibus plenè agitur, pluraque scitu dignissima ad propositi casus, aliorumque in praxi, hac de re occurrentium decisionem, non injucunde adducuntur. Auctore D. Augustino Barbosa, Protonotario Apostolico, Eminentissimorum DD. Cardinalium Sacræ Congregationis Indicis Consultore, Abbate de Mentrestido, ac insignis Ecclesiæ Vimarensis Thesaurario majore." [4to., no place nor date.]

I have here given the full title of a pamphlet of 112 pages, exclusive of title, which I purchased about twenty years since of Rodd, the honourable and intelligent bookseller of Great Newport Street. It came from the library of Professor J. F. Vandevelde of Louvaine. Some former possessor has written before the title, "Quamvis tantum libellus tamen rarissimus," and it is, perhaps, the only copy in this country. It is not in the Bodleian catalogue, nor was it in Mr. Douce's library.

P. B.

Medal in Honour of Chevalier St. George (Vol. ix., p. 105).—A. S. inquires about a medal supposed to have been struck in honour of Prince James (Chevalier St. George); but his account of it is so vague, that I am unable to answer his question. If he will describe the medal, or state the grounds upon which he supposes such a medal to have existed, I will endeavour to solve his doubts.

H.

Dean Swift's Suspension (Vol. ix., p. 244).—I am surprised that Abhba should express a belief that the circumstances of Swift's college punishment have not been noticed by any of his biographers, when every syllable of his communication is detailed (with original documentary proofs) in Dr. Barrett's Early Life of Swift, and is in substance repeated in Sir Walter Scott's Life, prefixed to Swift's works.

C.

"Vanitatem observare" (Vol. ix., p. 247).—I am sorry to have given your correspondent F. C. H. a wrong reference, and I am not quite sure about the right one; but I think it is to a Latin translation of the Council of Laodicea, A.D. 366, c. 36.

R. H. G.

Ballina Castle, Mayo (Vol. viii., p. 411.).—I have no idea to what place O. L. R. G. can allude as Ballina Castle; there is no place, ancient or modern, about that town, that has that name; and the only place with the title of castle in the neighborhood, is a gentleman's modern residence of no great pretensions either as to size or beauty. He perhaps alludes to Belleck Abbey, which is a fine building; but, notwithstanding its title, is of still more modern date than the so-called castle. I am not aware of any recent historical or descriptive work on the county generally. Cæsar Otway, Maxwell, and the Saxon in Ireland, have confined their descriptions to the "Wild West;" and the crowd of tourists appear to follow in their track, leaving the far finer central and eastern districts untouched. The first-named tourist appears to have projected another work on the county, but never published it.

J. S. Warden.

Dorset (Vol. ix., p. 247.).—Nares gives various spellings, as douset, dowset, doulcet, but in all equally derived from dulcet, "sweet;" and Halliwell has "doucet drinkes;" so that the great Manchester philosopher had probably been indulging in a too copious libation of some sweet wine, which he styles "foolish Dorset."

F. R. R.

Dorchester beer had acquired a very great name, and was sent about England. Out of the shire it was called "Dorset Beer," or "Dorset." That town has lost its fame for brewing beer.

G. R. L.

Judicial Rank hereditary (Vol. viii., p. 384.).—Such a list as your correspondent gives is not easily paralleled, it is true, in the judicial annals of England or Ireland; but in Scotland he might have found cases in considerable number to equal or surpass those which he mentions: for instance, in the family of Dundas of Arniston, respecting which I find the following note in the Quarterly Review, vol. lvii. p. 462.:

"The series is so remarkable, that we subjoin the details:—Sir James Dundas, judge of the Court of Session, 1662; Robert Dundas, son of Sir James, judge of the Court of Session from 1689 to 1727; Robert Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord Advocate, M.P. for the county of Edinburgh, judge of the Court of Session 1737, Lord President 1748, died in 1753 (father of Henry, Viscount Melville); Robert Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord Advocate, and member for the county, Lord President from 1760 to 1787; Robert Dundas, son of the last, successively Solicitor-General and Lord Advocate, Lord Chief Baron from 1801 to 1819; all these judges, except the Chief Baron, had been known in Scotland by the title of Lord Arniston. They were, we need hardly add, all men of talents, but the two Lords President Arniston were of superior eminence in legal and constitutional learning."

The Hope family, and some other Scottish ones, present as numerous a display of legal dignitaries as the above; but the hereditary succession from father to son is perhaps not equalled, certainly not excelled, in any age or country. In fact, let the opponents of hereditary honours say what they will, there is no description of talent except the poetical that has not frequently remained in the same family for several generations unabated.

J. S. Warden.

Tolling the Bell on leaving Church (Vol. ix., p. 125.).—In reply to J. H. M.'s Query, I beg to state that the chief reason for tolling the bell while the congregation is leaving church, is to inform the parishioners who have not been able to attend in the morning, divine service will be celebrated in the afternoon. In scattered villages, or where a single clergyman had to perform the duties of more than one church, this was formerly quite requisite. At a neighbouring village of Tytherly, the custom is still observed, though no longer necessary.

W. S.

There is little doubt that priests in olden times were fond of hot dinners, and the bell at the conclusion of the service must have been intended as a warning to their cooks (and many others) to make ready the repast. This is merely a supposition; but I shall cherish the idea in the want of a better explanation. The custom has been, until very lately, observed in our little country church. There are other customs which are still kept up, namely, that of tolling the church bell at eight o'clock on Sunday morning, and again at nine, as well as that of ringing a small bell when the clergyman enters the reading-desk.

E. W. J.

Crawley, Winchester.

I believe that the custom of tolling the bell when the congregation is leaving the church, is to notify that there will be another service in the day. This is certainly the reason in this parish (in Leicestershire); for after the second service the bell is not tolled, nor if, on any account, there is no afternoon service.

S. S. S.

When I was Lecturer of St. Andrew's, Enfield, the bells rang out a short peculiar peal immediately after Sunday Morning Prayer. I always thought it was probably designed to give notice to approaching funeral processions that the church service was over, as in the country burials—usually there always on Sundays—immediately follow the celebration of morning service.

Mackenzie Walcott, M.A.

I beg to inform your correspondent J. H. M. that this is often done at Bray, near Maidenhead.

Newburiensis.

The custom observed at Olney Church after the morning service, I have heard, is to apprize the congregation of a vesper service to follow.

W. P. Storer.

Olney, Bucks.

Archpriest in the Diocese of Exeter (Vol. ix., p. 185.).—Besides the archpriest of Haccombe, there were others in the same diocese; but, to quote the words of Dr. Oliver, in his Monasticon, Dioc. Exon., p. 287.,

"He would claim no peculiar exemption from the jurisdiction of his ordinary, nor of his archdeacon; he was precisely on the same footing as the superiors of the archpresbyteries at Penkivell, Beerferris, and Whitchurch, which were instituted in this diocese in the early part of the fourteenth century. The foundation deed of the last was the model in founding that of Haccombe."

In the same work copies of the foundation deeds of the archipresbytery of Haccombe and Beer are printed.

One would suppose that wherever there was a collegiate body of clergymen established for the purposes of the daily and nightly offices of the church, as chantry priests, that one of them would be considered the superior, or archipresbyter.

Godolphin, in Rep. Can., 56., says that by the canon law, he that is archipresbyter is also called dean. Query, Would he then be other than "Primus inter pares?"

Prince, in his Worthies, calls the Rector of Haccombe "a kind of chorepiscopus;" and in a note refers to Dr. Field Of the Church, lib. v. c. 37.

With regard to the Vicar of Bibury (quoted by Mr. Sansom, "N. & Q.," Vol. ix., p. 185.), he founded his exemption from spiritual jurisdiction, I believe, upon his holding a Peculiar, and not as an archpriest.

H. T. Ellacombe.

Clyst St. George.

Dogs in Monumental Brasses (Vol. ix., p. 126.).—I have always understood (but I cannot say on any authority) that the dogs at the feet of monumental effigies of knights were symbolical of fidelity. That signification would certainly be very appropriate in monuments of crusaders, where, I believe, they are generally found. And I would suggest to Mr. Alford, that the idea might not have been confined to fidelity in keeping the vow of the Cross, but might have been extended to other religious vows: in which case the ladies undoubtedly might sometimes claim the canine appendage to their effigies. The lion might perhaps symbolise courage, in which ladies are not commonly supposed to excel.

M. H. R.

The Last of the Palæologi (Vol. v., pp. 173. 280. 357.).—The following scrap of information may be useful to L. L. L. and others, if too long a time has not gone by since the subject was under discussion. In The List of the Army raised under the Command of his Excellency Robert Earle of Essex, &c.: London, printed for John Partridge, 1642, of which I have seen a manuscript copy, the name of Theo. Palioligus occurs as Lieutenant in "The Lord Saint John's Regiment."

Edward Peacock.

Bottesford Moors, Kirton in Lindsey.

Long Names (Vol. viii., pp. 539. 651.).—Allow me to add the following polysyllabic names to those supplied by your correspondents:—Llanvairpwllgwyngyll, a living in the diocese of Bangor, became vacant in March, 1850, by the death of its incumbent, the Rev. Richard Prichard, æt. ninety-three. The labour of writing the name of his benefice does not seem to have shortened his days.

The following are the names of two employés in the finance department at Madrid:—Don Epifanio Mirurzururdundua y Zengotita; Don Juan Nepomuceno de Burionagonatotorecagogeazcoecha.

There was, until 1851, a major in the British army named Teyoninhokarawen (one single name).

G. L. S.

Elizabeth Seymour (Vol. ix., p. 174.).—According to Collins,—

"Sir E. Seymour, first baronet, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Arthur Champeirion, of Dartington, co. Devon, by whom he had, besides other issue, a daughter Elizabeth, who married George Cary, of Cockington, co. Devon. Sir Edward Seymour, third baronet, married Anne, daughter of Sir William Portman, and left, besides sons, a daughter, also named Elizabeth, who married Sir Joseph Tredenham, of Tregony in Cornwall, Knight."

These two ladies, whose similarity of name probably caused the confusion, must have lived at least half a century apart.

A. B.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Those who share the well-grounded opinion of Mr. Petit, that we cannot fully enter into the character of English architecture unless we give some attention also to French, German, and Italian, will gladly turn to the very profusely and handsomely-illustrated volume which he has just issued, under the modest title of Architectural Studies in France, by the Rev. J. L. Petit, M.A., F.S.A., with Illustrations from Drawings by the Author and P. H. Delamotte. It is of course impossible, within the limits of our brief notice, to enter into any examination of Mr. Petit's views upon the subject of Gothic architecture, the principles of which he believes to have been more completely developed at an early period in England than anywhere else; and we must therefore content ourselves with directing attention to the book itself, which will in no small degree supply to the architectural student desirous of studying French buildings, the opportunity of doing so; and that too under the guidance of one well qualified to direct his steps. Mr. Petit has long been known to the antiquarian world as one of our greatest authorities on the subject of Gothic architecture; and his various papers, illustrated by his own bold yet effective sketches in the Archæological Journal, may have prepared some of our readers for a volume of great importance; yet we think even they will be surprised at the interest and beauty of the present book. Mr. Petit, who has had on this occasion the assistance of Mr. Delamotte as a draughtsman, expresses his hope that at some future time he may avail himself of that gentleman's skill as a photographer.

There is, perhaps, no man of letters, no man of science, of whom the world possesses so unsatisfactory an account as Jerome Cardan. The author of Palissy the Potter has therefore done good service, and executed a task worthy of himself, by The life of Girolamo Cardano, of Milan, Physician. In two small readable volumes, rich in all the characteristics of his own peculiar mode of treatment, Mr. Morley has given us not only a clear view of the life and character of Cardan, based on a diligent and careful examination of his voluminous writings—for Cardan reckoned that he had published one hundred and thirty-one books, and left in MS. nearly as many—but also a striking picture of the age in which he lived; and the work, which is one of great interest to the general reader, is made still more valuable to the literary antiquary by the accuracy with which Mr. Morley quotes his authorities.

Some interesting manuscripts were sold by Messrs. Puttick and Simpson on Wednesday, the 22nd ultimo, including original letters by Blake, Penn, Monk, Nelson, and other of our most renowned admirals; and of Charles I. and Charles II., Oliver and Richard Cromwell, Desborough; and numerous autographs of Commonwealth celebrities. The chief lot was a letter from Cromwell to Pastor Cotton, in New England, written shortly after the battle of Worcester, in which he alludes to the difficulties he has experienced in treating with some of the Scotch party. Mr. Carlyle had not seen the original, but used the copy among the Arundel MSS. It was knocked down to Mr. Stevens, the American agent, for 36l. A printed broadsheet of the Peace of Breda sold for 3l. 7s. A letter of Richard Cromwell brought 4l. An autograph of Queen Bess brought 2l.; and one of Edward VI. brought 2l. 8s. Autographs of Mary are less common: one in this collection realised 3l. 7s. One of Nelson's letters to Lady Hamilton brought 2l. 2s. Altogether, the prices realised were good.

Books Received.—Lives of The Queens of England, by Agnes Strickland, Vol. III. This new volume of the cheaper edition of Miss Strickland's popular regal biographies comprises the Lives of Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard, Katherine Parr, and Mary.—The Works of the Rt. Hon. Joseph Addison, with Notes by Bishop Hurd, Vol. II., is the new volume of Bohn's British Classics, and comprises Addison's contributions to the Tatler and Spectator.—In the same publisher's Standard Library, we have the third volume of his edition of Southey's Works and Correspondence of Cowper, which embraces his Letters between the years 1783 and 1788.—Cyclopædia Bibliographica, Part XVIII., which extends from Shepherd (Rev. E. J.) to Surtees (Rev. Scott F.).—Whitaker's Educational Register, 1854. The work, which has undergone some modifications, is now confined altogether to Educational Statistics, of which it is a most valuable compendium.—Remains of Pagan Saxondom, by J. Y. Ackerman, Parts VIII. and IX. The contents of these numbers are:—Fragments from a Tumulus at Caenby, Lincolnshire; Fibula from Ingarsby, Leicestershire; Glass Drinking-vessels from Cemeteries in Kent; Fibulæ from Rugby, Warwickshire. The great peculiarity of this Series is, that the objects are drawn of the size of the originals; thus affording great facilities for comparing them with remains of similar character.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

The Volume of the London Polyglott which contains the Prophets. Imperfection in other parts of no consequence.

Carlisle on Grammar Schools.

The Circle of the Seasons. London, 1828. 12mo. Two copies.

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses are given for that purpose:

Allister's Paradigma Chess Openings.

Natt's Sermons preached at St. Sepulchre.

Armytage's (Rev. J., of Tidenham) Sermons.

Mayhew's London Life and Labour. Complete.

Nicholson's Lectures on Hezekiah.

Walton and Cotton's Angler. Edited by Sir H. Nicolas.

Wanted by Mr. Hayward, Bookseller, Bath.

Penny Cyclopædia. Part 92. (For September, 1840.)

Wanted by A. Baden, Jun., 1. Old Broad Street.

London Labour and the London Poor. 44 various Numbers, several of many of them.

Knight's National Cyclopædia. 32 Parts.

Almanack of the Month, by Gilbert A. A'Beckett. Jan., Feb., June, Sept., and Dec., 1846.

Wanted by Geo. Newbold, 8. Regent Street, Vauxhall Road.

An Essay Explanatory of the Tempest Prognosticator in the Building of Great Exhibition. The last edition.

Wanted by J. T. C., care of Messrs. McGee & Co., Nassau Street, Dublin.

The Family Instructor, by De Foe. 2 Vols. 1841. Oxford, Talboys.

Allan Ramsay's Tea-Table Miscellany. 1724.

Hazlitt's Select Poets of Great Britain. 1825.

The Lady's Poetical Magazine, or Beauties of British Poets. 4 Vols. London, 1781.

The Hive, containing Vol. I. First Edition. (3 Vols.)

The Hive. Vol. III. 4th Edition. (Edition in 4 Vols.)

London Magazine. Vols. after the year 1763.

Wanted by Fred. Dinsdale, Esq., Leamington.

Evans's Old Ballads. Vol. I. 1810.

Any of the Sermons, Tracts, &c., by the late Rev. A. G. Jewitt.

History of Lincoln, by A. Jewitt.

Howitt's Gipsy King, and other Poems. Either one or two copies.

Wanted by R. Keene, Bookseller, Irongate, Derby.

The Epicure's Almanack for 1815.

Wanted by George R. Corner, 19. Tooley Street.

Notices to Correspondents.

A. J. N. (Birmingham). Will this Correspondent let us see the papers respecting John Henderson?

J. C. K. The coin is a penny of Henry III., struck in London.

Mr. Pinkerton's letter has been forwarded to Eirionnach.

F. C. J. We cannot discover that James Murray, the second and last Earl of Annandale, was executed. The Earl joined Montrose after the battle of Kilsyth, and upon that heroic chieftain's defeat retired to England, where he died in 1658. At his death the titles of Annandale, Annand, and Murray of Lochmaben, became extinct, and those of Stormont and Scoon devolved on David, second Lord Balvaird, who married the Earl's widow. See the Earldom of Mansfield in Burke's Peerage.

Sander's History of Shenstone.—Will any reader of "N. & Q." oblige me by lending me a copy of Sander's History of Shenstone? Of course I would pay the carriage and expenses. A letter would find me directed, Cid, Post Office, Stourbridge, Worcestershire.

B. H. A. For the derivation of Czar, see our last Volume, pp. 150. 226. 422.

T. H. On the Lord Mayor being a Privy Councillor, see our Fourth Volume passim.

S. C. (Norwich). The line—

"When Greeks joined Greeks then was the tug of war"

—is from Lee's Alexander the Great.

Piscator will find ample illustration of "ampers and and the character &" in our last Volume (8th), pp. 173. 223. 254. 327. 376. 524.

A. Baden, Jun., will find that his Query respecting the pronunciation of Tea in Queen Anne's time, has already been treated of in the curious discussion on Irish Rhymes in our 6th, 7th, and 8th Volumes.

X. Y. Z. Brother-german is a brother by the father's or mother's side, in contradistinction to a uterine brother, or by the mother only.

E. H. McL. Some examples of wage, the singular of wages, are given in Todd's Johnson: consult also Richardson, s. v.

Gallo-Nitrate.—1. We advise you to try the formula given in our former Number (Vol. vii., p. 324.) for positives; 30 grains of nitrate of silver may do, but it is not very active. 2. A glass rod is inappropriate; it works up the albumen into a lather. 3. Towgood's paper will take the albumen very excellently. As we have often said before, when you may obtain certain excellent results from known good formulæ, why waste your time upon uncertainties?

T. D. L. If your bath contains the smallest portion of hypo., or any salt of iron, it is useless. Precipitate the silver with salt; collect and reduce it to its metallic state.

"Notes and Queries" is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

GROSJEAN'S

CELEBRATED TROWSERS,

16s. per Pair.

109. REGENT STREET.

ONE THOUSAND BEDSTEADS TO CHOOSE FROM.—HEAL & SON'S Stock comprises handsomely Japanned and Brass-mounted Iron Bedsteads, Children's Cribs and Cots of new and elegant designs, Mahogany, Birch, and Walnut-tree Bedsteads, of the soundest and best Manufacture, many of them fitted with Furnitures, complete. A large Assortment of Servants' and Portable Bedsteads. They have also every variety of Furniture for the complete furnishing of a Bed Room.

HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED AND PRICED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS AND BEDDING, sent Free by Post.

HEAL & SON, 196. Tottenham Court Road.

ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description of upwards of 100 articles, consisting of PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS, Ladies' Portmanteaus, DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and other travelling requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post on receipt of Two Stamps.

MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles of the kind ever produced.

J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.

SURPLICES.

GILBERT J. FRENCH, Bolton, Lancashire, has prepared his usual large Supply of SURPLICES, in Anticipation of EASTER.

PARCELS delivered FREE at Railway Stations.

THE EMPRESS OF CHINA'S TEA.—Recommended by the Faculty for its purity, by the nobility and gentry for its choice quality (which is always the same) and by the trade for its general superiority and moderate price.

MOORE & CO., 14. Little Tower Street. London. Sold retail at 27. COVENTRY ST., HAYMARKET, and by their Agents throughout the kingdom. Price 4s. 4d. per lb., in tins of various sizes. Agents wanted (tea-dealers only) where none are appointed.

ARCHER'S REGISTERED FOLDING CAMERA.—This new form of Camera combines portability with the power of expansion, and is capable of taking pictures from 3×4 to 10×8, in the open air without a tent.

It is made to contain the lens, baths, bottles, &c., necessary for an excursion, packed up and ready for use in an upright position.

It is applicable to all the known processes in Photography.

Further particulars can be obtained of Mr. Archer, 105. Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, who supplies all other Apparatus necessary in Photography, Collodion, pure Chemicals, &c. Portraits on Glass.

An assortment of Prints on Sale, Works of Art copied, &c. &c.

CLASSICAL MUSICAL LIBRARY—Subscribers are liberally supplied, on loan, with every description of New Vocal and Instrumental Music, and have also at their disposal upwards of 3,000 volumes, including the Standard Operas, Italian, German, French, and English Songs, and all kinds of Instrumental Music. During the Term of Subscription, each Subscriber has the privilege of selecting—for his own property—from 100,000 different pieces, 3 Guineas' worth of Music. Prospectuses forwarded Free on application.

JULLIEN & CO., 214. Regent Street.

BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 30 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and 4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE.

PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each.—D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square (established A.D. 1785), sole manufacturers of the ROYAL PIANOFORTES, at 25 Guineas each. Every instrument warranted. The peculiar advantages of these pianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial, signed by the majority of the leading musicians of the age:—"We, the undersigned members of the musical profession, having fully examined the Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great pleasure in bearing testimony to their merits and capabilities. It appears to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal temperament, while the elegance of their construction renders them a handsome ornament for the library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R. Bishop, J. Blewitt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, E. F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H. F. Hassé, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F. Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza, Alexander Lee, A. Leffler, E. J. Loder, W. H. Montgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry Phillips, F. Praegar, E. F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E. Rockel, Sims Reeves, J. Templeton, F. Weber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright," &c.

D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis.

CHUBB'S LOCKS, with all the recent improvements. Strong fire-proof safes, cash and deed boxes. Complete lists of sizes and prices may be had on application.

CHUBB & SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard, London; 28. Lord Street, Liverpool; 16. Market Street, Manchester; and Horseley Fields, Wolverhampton.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.

THE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS, by the most eminent English and Continental Artists, is OPEN DAILY from Ten till Five. Free Admission.

£

s.

d.

A Portrait by Mr. Talbot's Patent Process

1

1

0

Additional Copies (each)

0

5

0

A Coloured Portrait, highly finished (small size)

3

3

0

A Coloured Portrait, highly finished (larger size)

5

5

0

Miniatures, Oil Paintings, Water-Colour, and Chalk Drawings, Photographed and Coloured in imitation of the Originals. Views of Country Mansions, Churches, &c., taken at a short notice.

Cameras, Lenses, and all the necessary Photographic Apparatus and Chemicals, are supplied, tested, and guaranteed.

Gratuitous Instruction is given to Purchasers of Sets of Apparatus.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. New Bond Street.

TO PHOTOGRAPHERS.—Second-hand Camera for Sale, with Ross's 2½ inch lens, capable of taking pictures 8½ by 6½. Two double Shutters for paper, and one for Collodion, adjusting Front, &c. Price, 7l. 10s. For further particulars apply to MR. DIXEY, King's Road, Brighton.

IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.—J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and appreciation of half-tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.

Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of Photography. Instruction in the Art.

THE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price 1s., per Post, 1s. 2d.

COLLODION PORTRAITS AND VIEWS obtained with the greatest ease and certainty by using BLAND & LONG'S preparation of Soluble Cotton; certainty and uniformity of action over a lengthened period, combined with the most faithful rendering of the half-tones, constitute this a most valuable agent in the hands of the photographer.

Albumenized paper, for printing from glass or paper negatives, giving a minuteness of detail unattained by any other method, 5s. per Quire.

Waxed and Iodized Papers of tried quality.

Instruction in the Processes.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London.

*** Catalogues sent on application.

THE SIGHT preserved by the Use of SPECTACLES adapted to suit every variety of Vision by means of SMEE'S OPTOMETER, which effectually prevents Injury to the Eyes from the Selection of Improper Glasses, and is extensively employed by

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.

PHOTOGRAPHY.—HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art.—123. and 121. Newgate Street.

PHOTOGRAPHY.-MESSRS. A. MARION & CO. beg to inform the Artists and Amateurs that they are now ready to supply them with papers manufactured expressly for Photographic purposes; since it has been tried it has received the unanimous good opinion of the most successful operators.

Positive and Negative (not prepared), Simple Salted, and Salted Albumenized Positive, Simple Waxed, and Waxed Iodized Negative, Gummed Paper, and Cards for Mounting Proofs.

PAPETERIE MARION, 152. Regent Street.

PHOTOGRAPHS Mounted and Framed in every Style, by E. FOX, 75A. Little Britain, City, Mounter to the Photographic Society, Polytechnic, and Photographic Institutions.

E. F. begs to inform the Profession and Amateurs that from his great experience in Photograph Mounting, Framing, &c., he can guarantee perfect satisfaction both as regards Style and Price.

Mounts and Passepartouts of every description.

Price Lists sent on application.

Gentlemen waited on at their residences.

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.

KNIGHT & SONS' Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price of the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and Son's Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various Materials, and pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the Photographic Art. Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.

Instructions given in every branch of the Art.

An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic Specimens.

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London.

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.

H. E. Bicknell, Esq.

T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P.

G. H. Drew, Esq.

W. Evans, Esq.

W. Freeman, Esq.

F. Fuller, Esq.

J. H. Goodhart, Esq.

T. Grissell, Esq.

J. Hunt, Esq.

J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.

E. Lucas, Esq.

J. Lys Seager, Esq.

J. B. White, Esq.

J. Carter Wood, Esq.

Trustees.—W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq.

Physician.—William Rich. Basham, M.D.

Bankers.—Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Prospectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits:—

Age

£

s.

d.

17

1

14

4

22

1

18

8

27

2

4

5

32

2

10

8

37

2

18

6

42

3

8

2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

WORKS PRINTED FOR WALTON & MABERLY,

28. UPPER GOWER STREET, and 27. IVY LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW.

COMPLETION OF A VOLUME.

Now ready, VOLUME I., price 1s. 6d., in handsome boards,

LARDNER'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART.—A Miscellany of Instructive and Amusing Tracts on the Physical Sciences, and on their Application to the Uses of Life. Illustrated by Engravings on Wood.

Contents.

PART I., price 5d.

1. The Planets; Are they Inhabited Globes?

2. Weather Prognostics.

3. The Planets. Chap. II.

4. Popular Fallacies in Questions of Physical Science.

PART II., price 5d.

5. Latitudes and Longitudes.

6. The Planets. Chap. III.

7. Lunar Influences.

8. Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars. Chap. I.

PART III., price 6d.

9. Railway Accidents. Chap. I.

10. The Planets. Chap. IV.

11. Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars. Chap. II.

12. Railway Accidents. Chap. II.

13. Light.

*** Continued in Weekly Numbers, Monthly Parts, and Quarterly Volumes.

"This series, besides affording popular but sound instruction on scientific subjects, with which the humblest man in the country ought to be acquainted, also undertakes that teaching of 'common things' which Lord Ashburton and every well-wisher of his kind are anxious to promote."—The Times, Feb. 9, 1854.

"A cheap and interesting publication, alike informing and attractive. The papers combine subjects of importance with great scientific knowledge, considerable inductive powers, and a popular style of treatment."—Spectator.

Also, PART IV., price 5d., containing,

14. Common Things. Air.

15. Locomotion in America. Chap. I.

16. Cometary Influences. Chap. I.

17. Locomotion in America. Chap. II.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

THIRD COURSE OF DR. LARDNER'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

This Day, 1 vol., 37 Plates, and 200 Woodcuts, price 16s. 6d.

DR. LARDNER'S HANDBOOK of ASTRONOMY and METEOROLOGY. Being the Third Course of the "Handbook of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy."

By the same Author.

FIRST COURSE: MECHANICS, HYDROSTATICS, HYDRAULICS, PNEUMATICS, SOUND, OPTICS. 400 Woodcuts. Price 12s. 6d.

SECOND COURSE: HEAT, COMMON ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY. 200 Woodcuts. 8s. 6d.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

NEW WORK ON ARITHMETIC.

12mo., 5s. cloth.

A COURSE OF ARITHMETIC AS TAUGHT IN THE PESTALLOZZIAN SCHOOL, WORKSOP. By J. L. ELLENBERGER.

"A happy combination of theory and practice, containing explanation and demonstration enough to afford wholesome mental discipline, and yet not too difficult to be understood by pupils of average ability. In every case the reason why a particular process is adopted in order to obtain the desired result is clearly set forth."—Athenæum.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

PROFESSOR BOOLE'S NEW WORK.

Just published, 8vo., 14s.,

THE LAWS OF THOUGHT, on which are founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities. By GEORGE BOOLE, Professor of Mathematics in Queen's College, Cork.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

Just published, fcp. 8vo., 1s. 9d.,

EUCLID EXPLAINED.—The First Book of Euclid Explained to Beginners. By C. P. MASON, B.A., Fellow of University College, and Principal of Denmark Hill Grammar School.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.

Just published, crown 8vo., 1s. sewed, 1s. 6d. cloth,

BUSINESS AS IT IS AND AS IT MIGHT BE. By JOSEPH LYNDALL.

This work obtained the prize of fifty guineas offered by the Young Men's Christian Association for the best Essay on the Evils of the Present System of Business, and the Difficulties they present to the Attainment and Development of Personal Piety, with Suggestions for their Removal.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

Second Edition, 500 Woodcuts, 2l. 2s.,

DR. WM. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. By various Writers. Medium 8vo.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

500 Woodcuts, 3 vols. medium 8vo., 5l. 15s. 6d.,

DR. WM. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY. By various Writers.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

MR. QUAIN'S NEW WORK.

Now ready, crown 8vo., with coloured Plates, 7s. 6d., cloth,

DISEASES OF THE RECTUM. By RICHARD QUAIN, F.R.S., Professor of Clinical Surgery in University College, and Surgeon to University College Hospital.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

COMPLETION OF THE FIRST VOLUME OF DR. SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHY.

Just completed, Volume I., price 1l. 16s., cloth, lettered,

A DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN GEOGRAPHY. By Various Writers. Edited by DR. WILLIAM SMITH. Illustrated by numerous Engravings on Wood. To form two volumes. 8vo.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane; and JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

ITALIAN LANGUAGE.

Just published, royal 18mo., price 3s. 6d. cloth,

FIRST ITALIAN COURSE; being a Practical and Easy Method of Learning the Elements of the Italian Language. By W. BROWNRIGG SMITH, M.A., Second Classical Master of the City of London Schools.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

Cheap Issue.—Fourth Edition.

BOOK OF GENESIS IN ENGLISH HEBREW; accompanied by an Interlinear Translation, substantially the same as the authorised English version: Philological Notes and Grammatical Introduction. By W. GREENFIELD, M.R.A.S. 8vo., 4s. 6d., cloth. With the original Text in Hebrew Characters at the end. 8vo., 6s. 6d., cloth.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

NIEBUHR'S NEW LECTURES.

Just published, 2 vols. 8vo., 1l. 1s.

NIEBUHR'S LECTURES on ANCIENT ETHNOGRAPHY and GEOGRAPHY; comprising Greece and her Colonies, Italy, the Islands of the Mediterranean, Spain, Gaul, Britain, Northern Africa, and Phœnicia. By DR. LEONHARD SCHMITZ, Rector of the High School of Edinburgh.

By the same Author,

Niebuhr's Lectures on Ancient History: the Asiatic Nations, the Egyptians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Macedonians. By Dr. L. Schmitz. 3 vols. 8vo., 1l. 11s. 6d.

Niebuhr's Lectures on Roman History. By Leonhard Schmitz, Ph.D. New and Cheaper Edition. 3 vols. 8vo., 24s.

Niebuhr's History of Rome. By Bishop Thirlwall, Archdeacon Hare, Dr. W. Smith, and Dr. Schmitz. Fourth and cheaper edition, 3 vols., 8vo., 36s.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

*** MESSRS. W. & M.'S CATALOGUE will be sent by Post (Free) to any one writing for it.

Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London: and published by George Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, April 1. 1854.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NUMBER 231, APRIL 1, 1854 ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.