The Project Gutenberg eBook of Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas, [KU. Vol. 1 No. 11]

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas, [KU. Vol. 1 No. 11]

Author: Bernardo Villa Ramírez

E. Raymond Hall

Release date: July 7, 2011 [eBook #36653]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Matthew Wheaton
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUBSPECIATION IN POCKET GOPHERS OF KANSAS, [KU. VOL. 1 NO. 11] ***

Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas

By
BERNARDO VILLA-R. and E. RAYMOND HALL

University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History

Volume 1, No. 11. pp. 217-236
November 29, 1947

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
LAWRENCE
1947

University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, H. H. Lane, and Edward H. Taylor
Volume 1, No 11. pp. 217-236
Published November 29, 1947

University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY
FRED VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
  1947

21-8188

Subspeciation in Pocket Gophers of Kansas

By

BERNARDO VILLA-R. AND E. RAYMOND HALL

Several full species of the genus Geomys have been recorded from Kansas. The purpose of the study now reported upon was to determine the present taxonomic status of these animals and the distribution of each within the boundaries of Kansas. No pocket gopher of any kind has been reported from the southeastern part of the state; in all other parts Geomys is locally common.

HISTORY

The first published reference that we have found to pocket gophers of Kansas is Prof. Spencer F. Baird's (1857:377, 380) mention of two specimens from Fort Riley. One he identified as Geomys bursarius (p. 377) and the other (p. 380) he doubtfully referred to Geomys breviceps. Both specimens were obtained by Dr. W. A. Hammond. J. A. Allen (1874:49) reported pocket gophers from Kansas under the generic name "Geomys?". Professor M. V. B. Knox (1875:21) published a list of Kansas mammals in which he used the names Geomys bursarius Shaw and Geomys breviceps Baird, the last one for the specimen taken by Dr. Hammond, at Fort Riley. Baker (1889:57) employed the name Geomys bursarius Rich. for the gopher "found along the hundredth meridian, between N latitude 38° 30' and 39° 30'." He reported this animal as common in western Kansas. Merriam (1895:129) recorded G. bursarius and G. lutescens from Kansas. Allen (1895:265) recorded five specimens of Geomys lutescens collected between September 16 and October 13 at Long Island, Phillips County, Kansas, by W. W. Granger. Since that time several papers, some of them dealing mostly with habits of pocket gophers, have been published in which reference is made to Geomys in Kansas. Hibbard (1933:240) recognized three species: G. bursarius, G. lutescens, and G. breviceps llanensis. In 1944 (74-75) he recorded Cratogeomys from Meade County, on the basis of two skulls dug out of the ground, and he recognized the same three full species of the genus Geomys that he did in 1933, along with two additional subspecies.

Specimens to the total number of 335 from Kansas have been available for the present study of the five subspecies recognized. The reason for arranging all of the named kinds as subspecies of a single species is that intergradation has been found to occur between every pair of kinds having contiguous geographic ranges. The characters previously thought by some writers constantly to differentiate, say, Geomys lutescens of western Kansas from Geomys bursarius of eastern Kansas, prove not to do so; instead, in areas geographically intermediate between the geographic ranges of the two kinds, the pocket gophers are intermediate in morphological characters and therefore are regarded as intergrades. Intergradation of this kind here is accepted as the criterion of subspecies, and lack of such intergradation as the criterion of species. Search for structural characters, distinctive of the different kinds, additional to those characters noted by other writers, has resulted in the finding of a few such characters but they too are subject to intergradation. Therefore the several kinds are arranged as subspecies of a single species which takes the name Geomys bursarius because it is the oldest available name. Detailed comment on specimens showing intergradation are to be found in the accounts of G. b. bursarius and G. b. major.

METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The series with the largest number of individuals from one restricted locality was selected for initial study. These individuals were segregated by sex, and specimens of each sex were arranged from oldest to youngest. Each series was divided into age-groups, and within a given age-group of one sex from one locality of what was considered as one species, estimation was made of the amount of individual variation. Thus, it was possible when comparing different kinds of pocket gophers to use only one age class of one season of one sex.

Age was estimated to some extent by size of animal and nature of its pelage. The immature pelage is grayer and the hair is more crinkled than in adults. A more certain guide to age, however, is furnished by the skull. With increasing age some sutures disappear, the rostrum increases in length and the ridges marking the limits of the temporal muscles come to fuse and eventually, in males, form a high sagittal crest.

Cranial measurements were taken as follows:

Basilar length.—From the anteriormost inferior border of the foramen magnum to a line connecting the posteriormost margins of the alveoli of the first upper incisors.

Length of the nasals.—The greatest length of the nasals.

Zygomatic breadth.—The greatest distance across the zygomatic arches.

Mastoid breadth.—The greatest distance across the mastoids.

Breadth of rostrum.—Width, perpendicular to long axis of the skull.

Interorbital constriction.—The least distance between the orbits.

Maxillary tooth row.—The greatest length of the upper molariform tooth row at the alveolar border.

Extension of premaxillae posterior to nasals.—From the posteriormost border of the nasals to the posterior end of the extension of a premaxilla.

Depth of skull.—From the median suture of the frontals, on the dorsal surface of the skull to the median suture of the palatines at the level of the first molar (not premolar).

Length of rostrum.—From the anterior border of the nasal to the maxilla at the lateral end of the hamulus of the lacrimal.

In the list of specimens examined, localities are arranged by counties from west to east, beginning at the northwestern corner of the state; specimens in each county are arranged from north to south. If several localities are in the same latitude, the westernmost is listed first. Capitalized color terms are after Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912.

Fig. 1. Map showing the geographic distribution of the five subspecies of the Missipi Valley pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius, in Kansas, with insert showing range of the species.

In connection with this study each of the authors acknowledges assistance from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and one of us (Villa) is grateful for assistance also to Drs. Isaac Ochoterena and Roberto Llamas of the Biological Institute of Mexico. For the loan of specimens we are grateful to Dr. William B. Davis, of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas; Dr. G. C. Rinker, of Hamilton, Kansas; and Mr. A. J. Kirn, of Somerset, Texas. Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History.

ACCOUNTS OF SUBSPECIES

Geomys bursarius lutescens Merriam

Geomys bursarius lutescens Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 4:51, October 8, 1890; Scheffer, Technical Bull., U. S. Dept. Agric., 224:6, January, 1931.

Geomys lutescens Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 8:127-29, January 31, 1895; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 19:175, 1905; Lantz, Kansas State Agric. College Bull., 129:335, April, 1905; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 36:240, 1933; Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric., 35:182, 1937; Swenk, Missouri Valley Fauna, 2:1, February 1, 1940; Allen, Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia, Bull. Inf. in Educ., 20 (no. 5):15, May, 1940; Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus. Zoöl., Univ. Michigan, 420:3, June 28, 1940.

Geomys lutescens lutescens, Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 47:74, 1944.

Type locality.—Sandhills on Birdwood Creek, Lincoln County, western Nebraska.

Distribution in Kansas.—Northwestern Kansas, eastward certainly to Ellis County, southward certainly to Scott County.

Description.—Animals with total length averaging no more than 272 mm.; length of vertebrae of tail averaging no more than 92; hind foot averaging no more than 35. Color: In autumn pelage, upper parts Light Ochraceous-Buff becoming Buckthorn Brown in middorsal region and there forming a faint longitudinal band; sides Pale Yellow Orange. In summer, Buckthorn Brown on upper parts with a dorsal band, especially distinct on specimens from Ellis and Trego counties; specimens from farther west lack the distinct dorsal band. Underparts Gray Drab and sometimes whitish, usually whitish in young specimens; basal color of pelage Deep Neutral Gray; fore and hind feet whitish. Skull: Zygomatic arch broadly and squarely spreading anteriorly; temporal impressions uniting to form a low sagittal crest in adult males, but in adult females and in young males the impressions usually remain apart; shape of interparietal varying from subquadrate in young specimens to subtriangular or triangular in adults; in some young specimens the interparietal is reduced to a minute, ovoid bone.

Comparisons.—See comparisons in the accounts of other subspecies occurring in Kansas.

Remarks.—In his monographic revision of the pocket gophers, Merriam (1895:129) recorded 3 "typical or nearly typical" specimens from Trego County, and 18 "non typical" specimens as follows: Garden Plain, Sedgwick County, 4; Belle Plain, Sumner County, 5; Cairo, Pratt County, 6; Kiowa, Barber County, 2; and Ellis, Ellis County, 1. A detailed discussion of Merriam's account of the distribution of Geomys lutescens in Kansas is given by Swenk (1940:11-12).

Judging by specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, G. bursarius lutescens in Kansas is restricted to the northwestern part of the state, reaching southward certainly to Scott County and eastward certainly to Ellis County; precise limits of distribution of this subspecies are unknown. Additional collecting is necessary to determine where the range of lutescens meets the ranges of the other subspecies. The specimens studied are remarkably uniform. One specimen obtained in October, in Trego County, is slightly lighter colored than any other from Kansas. In other characteristics it agrees with specimens from northwestern Kansas and from the type locality.

Specimens examined.—Total number 32, as follows: Cheyenne County: 23 mi. (by road) NW St. Francis, 3. Rawlins County: 2 mi. NE Ludell, 10. Logan County: 5 mi. W Elkader, 3; no locality more precise than county, 1. Trego County: Wakeeney, 4; 12 mi. S Collyer, Perrington Ranch, 3; no locality more precise than county, 5. Scott County: 4 mi. S Scott City, 2. Ellis County: Hays State College Campus, Hays, 1.

Geomys bursarius majusculus Swenk

Geomys bursarius majusculus Swenk, Missouri Valley Fauna, 1:6, December 5, 1939; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 47:74, 1944.

Geomys bursarius, Baird, Expls. and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, pt. 1, Mammals, 377, 1857; Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 8:120, January, 1895; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 19:175, 1905; Lantz, Kansas State Agric. College Bull., 129:335, April, 1905; Scheffer, Kansas State Agric. College Ento. and Zoöl. Dept. Bull., 172:199, September, 1910; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 36:240, 1933; Allen, Kansas State Teachers College Emporia Bull. Inf. Stud. in Educ., 20 (no. 5):15, May, 1940.

Geomys bursarius bursarius, Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric., 35:181, 1937.

Geomys breviceps, Baird, Expls. and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, pt. 1, Mammals, 380, 1857.

Type locality.—Lincoln, Lancaster County, Nebraska.

Distribution in Kansas.—Northeastern Kansas, westward certainly to Clay and Marion counties and southward certainly to Greenwood County.

Description.—Color: Upper parts Mummy Brown in fresh appearing pelage of February but in more worn pelage of March more reddish being near (16') Prout's Brown; top of head and sometimes back darker than rest of upper parts; underparts usually with some whitish anteriorly; fore and hind feet and approximately distal half of tail white. Size: Large, total length averaging more than 280 mm. in males and 257 in females; hind foot averaging 35 mm. or more in males. Skull: Large; rostrum averaging more than twice as long as wide; sagittal crest high in males and barely present in females; occiput vertical when skull is laid top down; least width of braincase less than distance from alveolus of upper incisor to middle of lateral border of P⁴ at alveolar border.

Comparisons.—From Geomys bursarius lutescens, majusculus differs as follows: Color darker, Mummy Brown to Prout's Brown instead of Buckthorn Brown. In both sexes: head and body a fifth to a sixth longer; hind foot 5 to 6 per cent longer; skull averaging larger in all parts measured except that premaxillae (in each subspecies) extend equally far posteriorly to nasals; diastema longer in relation to basilar length; rostrum longer relative to its width; sagittal crest higher; rostrum often more depressed distally; angle of suture between maxilla and jugal more obtuse.

From G. b. bursarius, according to Swenk (1939:6), majusculus differs in larger size.

From G. b. illinoensis, majusculus, according to Komarek and Spencer (1931:405), differs in brownish instead of slate-gray coloration and in two cranial characters as follows: Nasals straight-sided instead of shaped like an hour-glass, and superficial canals on palatine extending anteriorly beyond first molar, and from there anteriorly more or less separated. The first of these characters does not always hold; occasional individuals of majusculus, for example some from Douglas County, have the nasals shaped like an hour-glass.

From G. breviceps dutcheri, majusculus differs in larger size (hind foot more than 33 mm. in males, and 29 in females; basilar length more than 42 mm. in males and 36 in females); dorsal exposure of jugal longer than width of rostrum measured between ventral margins of infraorbital foramina.

From G. bursarius major of southcentral Kansas (for example Harvey County), majusculus differs in slightly darker color, being Mummy Brown instead of Prout's Brown; size larger (in males total length more than 284 mm., hind foot 35 or more, basilar length of skull more than 42, and in females total length 265 or more, hind foot averaging 33 or more, and basilar length 40 or more).

Skull: Averaging larger in all parts measured, except that premaxillae do not extend so far posteriorly to nasals in either males or females; interorbital constriction slightly narrower in adult females; temporal ridges forming a more prominent sagittal crest in adult males (sagittal crest barely present in some adult males of major from Harper County).

Remarks.—In employing the subspecific name majusculus we are following Swenk (1939:6) who on the basis of larger size differentiated the animals from southeastern South Dakota, the eastern parts of Nebraska and Kansas, and the western and southern parts of Iowa, from G. bursarius bursarius to which he assigned a more northern geographic range. In the absence of comparative materials of the northern subspecies we cannot make an independent decision on the validity of majusculus and recognize that if it is inseparable from G. b. bursarius the latter name will apply to specimens from northeastern Kansas. We are the more uncertain about applying the name majusculus to specimens from eastern Kansas because they average smaller than topotypes. Only at the northeasternmost locality in Kansas (3 mi. N Cummings, Atchison County) do specimens average as large as topotypes of majusculus. Farther southward they become progressively smaller in eastern Kansas, and we interpret this as intergradation with the still smaller subspecies major, to the southwest. The average external measurements of two adult males from Atchison County are: 321-99-35. Thirty-six miles farther south, in Douglas County, 16 adult males average 289-80-36. From Hamilton, Greenwood County, 80 miles farther southwest, nine adult males average 284-83-35. The maximum total length recorded at these three localities is: Atchison County, 342 (1 of 2 specimens), Douglas County, 308 (1 of 16 specimens), Greenwood County, 357 (in coll. of Dr. Glenn C. Rinker and 1 of 15 males of all ages involved). It will be seen, therefore, that although there is a trend to smaller average size toward the southward, the maximum of 357 millimeters total length at Hamilton exceeds the maximum of 352 millimeters recorded by Swenk (1939:3) among 86 males at Lincoln where the recorded average is largest.

Four specimens from Salina (Debold Farm) are intermediate structurally, as they are also geographically, between G. b. majusculus on the one hand and Geomys bursarius lutescens and Geomys bursarius major on the other hand. In color they agree with majusculus, as they do also in width of nasals posteriorly, in more obtuse angle of the rostrum and maxillary arm of the zygomatic arch. They agree with G. b. lutescens in having the occiput inclined anterodorsally, and are intermediate between majusculus and lutescens, but nearer the latter in size of skull and in length of the rostrum relative to its width.

Specimens examined.—Total number, 148, as follows: Clay County: 6 mi. SW Clay Center, 3. Jackson County: 10-1/2 mi. WSW Holton, 1; no locality more precise than county, 1. Atchison County: 3 mi. N Cummings, 2. Jefferson County: Oskaloosa, 1. Leavenworth County: Fort Leavenworth (Government Hill, 2; Engineer Hill, 1), 6; no locality more precise than county, 19. Saline County: Salina, Debold Farm, 4 (coll. of A. J. Kirn). Morris County: 1-1/2 mi. N Council Grove, 3. Douglas County: 1 mi. NW Midland, 2; 1 mi. N Lawrence, 1; 2-1/2 mi. W Lawrence, 2; 1 mi. W K. U. Campus, 2; 1 mi. W Lawrence, 2; 1/2 mi. W Lawrence, 2; "W K. U. Campus," 2; K. U. Campus, 4; Lawrence, 23; South Lawrence, 1; 1/2 mi. SW K. U. Campus, 2; Southwest K. U. Campus, 1; Haskell Institute, 1; 4-1/2 mi. S Lawrence, 1; 7 mi. SW Lawrence, 6; 7-1/2 mi. SW Lawrence, 1; 8 mi. SW Lawrence, 1; 10 mi. S Lawrence, 1; 11 mi. SW Lawrence, 3; no locality more precise than county, 15. Marion County: 1-1/2 mi. NE Lincolnville, 6; 4 mi. SE Lincolnville, 1; 6 mi. S Lincolnville, 1. Greenwood County: Hamilton, 1; 1/2 mi. S Hamilton, 4; 1 mi. S Hamilton, 4; 4 mi. S and 14 mi. W Hamilton, 6; 8 mi. SW Toronto, 1; 8-1/2 mi. SW Toronto, 5; no locality more precise than county, 6.

Geomys bursarius jugossicularis Hooper

Geomys lutescens jugossicularis Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus. Zoöl., Univ. Michigan, no. 420: 1, June 28, 1940; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., vol. 47, p. 75, 1944.

Type locality.—Lamar, Prowers County, Colorado.

Distribution in Kansas.—Extreme southwestern part of state, northward certainly to Hamilton County and south certainly to Morton and Seward counties.

Description.—A yellowish-cinnamon colored animal, with body of medium size, zygomatic plate of maxilla deep and mastoid process small.

Comparisons.—Differs from Geomys bursarius industrius in slightly lighter color; occiput not strongly inclined anterodorsally.

From G. b. lutescens, jugossicularis differs in less buffy coloration and deeper zygomatic plate of maxilla.

Remarks.—G. bursarius jugossicularis and G. bursarius industrius intergrade in the southern part of Meade County. Some specimens from this area show a coloration resembling that of G. b. jugossicularis; nevertheless, one specimen from Morton County has the occiput anterodorsally inclined as in G. b. industrius.

Specimens examined from Hamilton County correspond closely to G. b. jugossicularis; they agree with it both in color and in cranial characters.

Specimens examined.—Total number, 20, distributed as follows: Hamilton County: 1 mi. E Coolidge, Conard Farm, 4. Morton County: 12 mi. NE Elkhart, 2; Cimarron River, 12 mi. N Elkhart, 4; no locality more precise than county, 6. Seward County: 1 mi. E Arkalon, 4.

Geomys bursarius industrius, new subspecies

Geomys lutescens Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, 8:127, January 31, 1895.

Geomys breviceps llanensis, Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 36:240, 1933; Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric., 35:181. 1937.

Geomys lutescens jugossicularis Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus. Zoöl., Univ. Michigan, 420:1, June 28, 1940.

Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull, no. 14083 Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas; from 1-1/2 miles north of Fowler, Meade County, Kansas; obtained December 30, 1941, by H. H. Hildebrand, original number 16.

Distribution in Kansas.—Southwestern Kansas from Meade County eastward certainly to Pratt and Clark counties; from Pawnee County southward probably to the Oklahoma boundary.

Diagnosis.—Size of body medium; color of upper parts Cinnamon Brown; skull with occiput strongly inclined anterodorsally in males.

Fig. 2 Three views of the skull of the type specimen of Geomys bursarius industrius.
A. Lateral view;
B. Dorsal view;
C. Ventral view.

Description.—Color: Upper parts Cinnamon Brown, slightly reddish, but in some specimens collected in September, in Pawnee County, near (15´ i) Ochraceous-Tawny; underparts usually Wood Brown, somewhat whitish anteriorly; forefeet white; hind feet and approximately distal half of tail whitish. Size: Medium (see measurements), total length averaging not more than 271 mm. in males and 254 in females; hind foot averaging not more than 35 mm. in males and less than 32 in females. Skull: In males, least width of braincase equal to distance from alveolus of incisor to anterior border of alveolus of first upper molar, occiput strongly inclined anterodorsally, temporal impressions usually united in a low sagittal crest, zygomatic arch heavy and curved at level of jugal bone. In adult females least width of braincase approximately equal to distance from alveolus of incisor to anterior border of alveolus of first upper molar (not premolar); occiput less inclined anterodorsally than in males; temporal ridges not forming a sagittal crest. In young females the width of the braincase is more than the distance between the alveoli of the incisor and first molar.

Comparisons.—G. lutescens industrius differs from G. lutescens lutescens in: Color darker; least width of braincase not equal to (usually more than) the distance from the alveolus of incisor to the anterior border of the alveolus of the first upper molar.

G. lutescens industrius differs from G. lutescens jugossicularis in: Color slightly darker, the former being Cinnamon Brown instead of Vinaceous Cinnamon, with hairs basally Deep Neutral Gray in upper parts and underparts. Skull: Jugular part of zygomatic arch more curved (convex dorsally) and occiput far more inclined anterodorsally; lower part of mastoidal ridge more prominent.

For comparison with G. l. major, see account of that subspecies.

Remarks.—Judging from the known specimens of this subspecies, it has the smallest geographic range of any of the subspecies in Kansas, but additional collecting in Hodgeman County and counties to the north and west of it may extend the known range in those directions; collecting in Comanche County and in adjoining parts of Oklahoma may extend the known range to the southward.

The anterodorsal inclination of the occiput in males is the one cranial character in which industrius differs from all of the subspecies with adjoining geographic ranges. The existence of this unique (among adjoining subspecies) cranial character is the principal reason for according subspecific status to this animal. Although it has other characters which are fairly uniform over a considerable geographic area, these other characters, namely, Cinnamon Brown color of the upper parts and medium size of the body, after all, are conditions intermediate between those in jugossicularis to the west and those in the darker and larger animals assigned to major to the eastward. Considering the intermediate geographic position of industrius, the color and size are approximately what a person would predict by study of only the animals to the west and those to the east. Therefore, the color and size probably are indicative of intergradation between jugossicularis and major. Still, there is the anterodorsally inclined occiput in males—a character of a unique sort—and this influences us to give subspecific status to this animal with full recognition of the fact that it is a "weak" subspecies as compared with any one of the adjoining subspecies.

Hooper (1940:2) in naming as new Geomys lutescens jugossicularis referred to his new subspecies a skin-only from Meade County State Park. Our more abundant material from there shows the cranial conformation to be that of industrius to which we accordingly assign the specimens. However, with only a skin available, we, too, would have used the name jugossicularis because the color is paler than in other specimens of industrius and this paleness indicates intergradation between the two named subspecies. Specimens from Pratt County are slightly darker than industrius thereby indicating intergradation between industrius and major.

Specimens examined.—Total number, 58, distributed as follows: Pawnee County: Jct. Pawnee and Arkansas rivers, Larned, 6; 1 mi. S and 1 mi. E Larned, 7. Edwards County: 1 mi. W and 3-1/2 mi. S Kinsley, 1. Kiowa County: Rezeau Ranch, 5 mi. N Belvidere, 2. Pratt County: Pratt, 14; no locality more precise than county, 1. Meade County: 3-1/2 mi. NE Fowler, 2; 2 mi. N Fowler, 2; 1-1/2 mi. N Fowler, 2; 1-1/4 mi. N and 3/4 mi. E Fowler, 2; 7 mi. N Meade, Cudahy Ash Pit, 2; 13 mi. SW Meade, 9; State Lake, 2; State Park, 4. Clark County: 7 mi. SW Kingsdown, E. A. Stephenson Ranch, 1; 6 mi. S Kingsdown, 1.

Geomys bursarius major Davis

Geomys lutescens major Davis, Texas Agric. Exp. St., Bull. no. 590:32, August, 1940; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 47:75, 1944.

Geomys lutescens Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 8:129, January 31, 1895.

Geomys breviceps llanensis, Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 20 (pt. 2): 215, 1907; Hibbard, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 36:240, 1933; Black, 30th Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric., 35:182, 1937; Swenk, Missouri Valley Fauna, 2:12, February 1, 1940.

Type locality.—Eight miles west of Clarendon, Donley County, Texas.

Distribution in Kansas.—Southcentral Kansas, northward certainly to Ellsworth County, westward certainly to Stafford and Barber counties and eastward to Cowley County.

Description.—Color: Upper parts varying from Brussels Brown in some specimens to nearly Prout's Brown, especially in specimens from central part of state. Top of head, and sometimes back, darker than rest of upper parts, but no well defined black stripe; underparts varying from whitish to nearly Buffy Brown; fore and hind feet and approximately distal half of tail white. Size: Large (see measurements). Skull: Sagittal crest absent in females and barely present in males; least width of braincase more than distance from alveolus of incisor to middle of lateral border of P⁴ at alveolar border. Length of auditory bulla (from anteroventral edge of paroccipital process of exoccipital to hamulus of peterygoid), in each sex, more than 8 mm.; occiput usually vertical when skull is laid top down; zygomatic arch broadly and squarely spreading, divergent anteriorly; rostrum averaging less than twice as long as wide.

Comparisons.—From G. bursarius lutescens, major differs in color darker, premaxillae extending slightly farther posteriorly; temporal impressions usually forming a more well-marked sagittal crest in males; ventral side of zygomatic arch, at level of jugal bone, more curved.

From G. bursarius majusculus, major differs in slightly lighter color, smaller size of body; in males, total length less than 284 mm.; hind foot 34 or less; basilar length of skull less than 42; in females total length less than 264, hind foot no more than 33, and basilar length less than 39.

From G. bursarius industrius, major differs in color, being Prout's Brown, instead of Cinnamon Brown (less Fuscous); body averaging 10 per cent longer; total length in males from 9 to 9.7 per cent longer, hind foot 9.7 per cent longer on the average; skull averaging larger in all parts measured. Occiput less inclined anterodorsally; top nearly flat, less arched than that of G. b. industrius; auditory bulla averaging slightly larger and less inflated.

Remarks.—Specimens of this subspecies from Norman, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, and Canton, Dewey County, Oklahoma, and most of those from Kansas, are more Fuscous than topotypes and tend toward G. bursarius majusculus. Specimens from McPherson County have a darker dorsal stripe resembling that of G. bursarius majusculus. One adult from Little Salt Marsh, Stafford County, is pale, closely resembling topotypes.

Most of the cranial characters, nevertheless, are constant in all available specimens, except that in specimens of each sex from the type locality the basilar length averages 4 to 5 per cent shorter. In the constancy of size of the relatively large auditory bullae and in the nearly flat dorsal profile of the cranial part of the skull, the specimens from Kansas agree with the specimens from the type locality.

Specimens from Harper County have the occiput slightly inclined anterodorsally and thus are reminiscent of industrius which has an even greater inclination of the occiput. Probably the appearance in dilute fashion of this character in Harper County is properly to be interpreted as intergradation with industrius. If so, the actual intergradation may be to the northwest via Pratt County since specimens from Barber County, immediately west of Harper and lying between Harper County and the range of industrius, do not have the occiput so inclined.

Of a pair of adults from eight miles west of Rosalia, Butler County, the female is indistinguishable in color from adults of G. b. industrius from northern Meade County and from two specimens from eleven miles west of Clarendon, Donley County, Texas, near the type locality of G. b. major. The male from eight miles west of Rosalia is darker as compared either with G. b. industrius or G. b. major and the coloration of the upper parts resembles those in G. b. majusculus; the underparts are only slightly paler than the upper parts as in majusculus. Measurements of the skulls are intermediate between the averages for G. b. majusculus and those for G. b. major. These specimens from eight miles west of Rosalia are intermediate structurally, and since they are intermediate geographically between G. b. majusculus and G. b. major, they suggest intergradation of the two subspecies. The specimens in question are referred to major because the size is nearer that of major. It is mainly the intermediate nature of these two specimens from Butler County, and the intermediate nature of the specimens from McPherson County, Kansas, that have caused us to treat G. b. majusculus as only subspecifically distinct from the more western subspecies, major.

Specimens examined.—Total number, 77, as follows: Ellsworth County: 2 mi. S Ellsworth, 1. McPherson County: Smoky Hill River, 1 mi. S and 1/2 mi. W Lindsborg, 5; 1/2 mi. E McPherson, 1. Stafford County: Little Salt Marsh, 12; no locality more precise than county, 3. Reno County: 8 mi. N and 1 mi. E Haven, 2. Harvey County: 1 mi. E and 1/2 mi. N Halstead, 1; Halstead, 3. Butler County: 8 mi. W Rosalia, 2. Barber County: near South Bridge, Sun City, 1; 2 mi. S Sun City, 1; Wells Ranch, Aetna, 5; "1 mi. W Aetna," 3; near South Bridge, Aetna, 1; near Bridge, 1 mi. S Aetna, 2. Harper County: 4-1/2 mi. NE Danville, 8; 1 mi. N Harper, 11; 3 mi. S Harper, 1. Cowley County: 3 mi. SW Arkansas City, 4; 3 mi. SE Arkansas City, 9; 3 mi. S Arkansas City, 1.

Measurements of Adult Males of Geomys

(In millimeters)

Key for table headings in table on this page.

N: Number of individuals averaged or catalogue number

L: Total length

T: Length of tail

H: Length of hind foot

B: Basilar length

Na: Length of nasals

Z: Zygomatic breadth

M: Mastoid breadth

Rb: Breadth of rostrum

I: Interorbital constriction

A: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth row

E: Extension of premaxilla posterior to nasals

S: Depth of skull

Rl: Length of rostrum

N  
L
T
H
B
Na
Z
M
Rb
I
A
E
S
Rl

G. b. lutescens; topotypes

5 ave.
266
82.0
34.2
40.0
17.7
30.5
26.8
11.5
6.7
8.6
3.9
17.1
20.8

min.
257
76.0
33.0
38.3
16.0
29.1
26.1
11.2
6.3
8.1
3.5
16.2
19.1

max.
276
91.0
36.0
42.4
20.3
31.7
27.5
11.9
6.9
9.2
4.2
17.7
23.6

2 mi. NE Ludell, Rawlins Co., Kansas

12088
272
92.0
35.0
43.2
19.1
32.3
27.7
11.3
6.6
8.4
2.8
18.0
22.1

G. b. majusculus; Douglas Co., Kansas

16 ave.
289
79.8
36.3
47.1
21.0
34.1A
30.4
12.1
6.8
9.3
3.7
18.5
24.9

min.
273
70.0
32.0
44.7
18.9
30.5
27.5
11.1
6.5
8.2
2.9
17.3
22.9

max.
308
95.0
55.0
49.9
23.2
38.0
34.5
13.5
7.6
10.3
5.7
20.0
28.1

G. b. jugossicularis; Morton Co., Kansas

4 ave.
265
82.0
34.2
40.7
16.9
30.0
27.9
10.7
6.0
8.6
5.2
17.3
21.2

min.
250
68.0
30.0
38.5
16.1
29.0
27.5
10.5
5.5
8.2
4.7
16.4
20.2

max.
285
92.0
37.0
42.4
17.4
31.1
28.4
11.0
6.2
9.2
5.5
17.9
22.0

G. b. industrius; Meade Co., Kansas

8 ave.
265
82.0
35.0
40.9
18.1
30.0
28.0
11.0
6.2
8.8
4.3
17.7
21.8

min.
247
70.0
33.0
37.9
15.5
28.2
26.5
9.9
5.7
8.0
2.9
16.8
19.5

max.
280
90.0
36.0
43.4
21.0
32.4
29.5
11.6
7.0
9.1
5.2
19.1
24.2

G. b. major; Wells Ranch, Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas

11724
256
66.0
34.0
41.0
18.3
31.6
28.2
10.6
6.1
9.0
4.0
17.0
21.3

1 mi. W Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas

11153
240
75.0
32.0
36.7
15.7
26.9
24.6
9.9
5.9
8.8
4.0
15.0
19.5

11152
240
65.0
32.0
36.0
14.2
26.1
25.4
10.9
5.6
8.5
5.0
15.5
18.5

3 mi. SE Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas

12870
246
76.0
32.0
42.1
16.0E
33.7
29.7
11.5
6.3
9.4
4.5
17.6
21.3

3 mi. SW Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas

12892
282
84.0
33.0
41.7
17.3
....
27.7
10.8
6.4
8.9
4.2
17.2
21.5

Measurements of Adult Females of Geomys

(In millimeters)

Key for table headings in table on this page.

N: Number of individuals averaged or catalogue number

L: Total length

T: Length of tail

H: Length of hind foot

B: Basilar length

Na: Length of nasals

Z: Zygomatic breadth

M: Mastoid breadth

Rb: Breadth of rostrum

I: Interorbital constriction

A: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth row

E: Extension of premaxilla posterior to nasals

S: Depth of skull

Rl: Length of rostrum

N  
L
T
H
B
Na
Z
M
Rb
I
A
E
S
Rl

G. b. lutescens; topotypes

6 ave.
233
72.3
31.1
35.3
15.0
25.9
23.7
10.4
6.1
8.3
3.7
15.4
18.4

min.
215
63.0
30.0
33.5
13.9
24.6
21.8
10.1
5.6
8.1
2.9
14.8
17.3

max.
254
76.0
32.0
37.0
16.8
26.7
24.8
10.7
6.6
8.5
4.5
16.2
19.8

2 mi. NE Ludell, Rawlins Co., Kansas

11733
230
63.0
31.0
35.3
15.1
26.5
24.1
9.3
6.1
7.5
2.4
15.0
18.2

12155
245
70.0
30.0
35.6
14.6
25.2
24.1
10.6
6.4
7.5
3.1
14.9
18.2

G. b. majusculus; Douglas Co., Kansas

17 ave.
265
78.6
32.8
40.6B
17.2B
28.6A
26.4
10.9
6.5
9.1
3.6
16.6
21.0

min.
222
59.0
30.0
37.1
15.9
26.7
24.9
10.0
5.9
8.5
2.0
15.2
18.8

G. b. jugossicularis; Morton Co., Kansas

5012
244
72.0
30.0
36.2
16.4
25.4
25.0
10.0
5.9
8.0
4.2
16.0
19.3

5395
230
72.0
30.0
34.6
13.9
24.7
24.8
9.8
5.8
8.0
4.5
15.2
17.5

G. b. industrius; Meade Co., Kansas

7 ave.
238
73.0C
31.3
36.4D
14.9
26.3
24.8D
10.0
6.0
8.4
4.1
16.2
18.6

min.
231
65.0
30.0
35.4
14.0
25.8
24.5
9.5
5.6
8.1
3.6
15.5
17.5

max.
256
75.0
32.0
37.8
16.1
27.8
25.9
10.3
6.5
8.7
4.7
17.6
19.9

G. b. major; 1 mi. S Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas

10069
257
95.0
32.0
37.0
16.4
26.4
25.5
10.8
6.2
9.0
3.4
16.4
19.4

Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas

10070
242
83.0
30.0
36.8
15.7
26.2
25.0
10.1
6.5
9.1
3.3
15.8
19.1

Wells Ranch, Aetna, Barber Co., Kansas

12238
239
65.0
31.0
34.2
14.5
24.6
23.7
9.6
6.0
8.0
3.6
15.2
17.7

1 mi. S.Sun City, Barber Co., Kansas

11075
232
66.0
28.0
34.2
14.4
25.0
23.6
9.9
5.9
8.0
3.4
15.0
17.0

3 mi. SW Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas

12872
242
66.0
30.0
38.1
15.0
28.0
26.2
10.3
6.3
7.8
4.5
16.1
19.1

3 mi. SE Arkansas City, Cowley Co., Kansas

12894
230
82.0
30.0
38.5
15.5
28.0
25.6
10.0
6.7
8.7
4.0
16.6
19.5

12893
246
83.0
32.0
36.5
14.2
25.6
24.8
9.6
6.6
8.7
4.6
15.4
18.1

Footnotes

A 15 averaged.

B 16 averaged.

C 6 averaged.

D 5 averaged.

E approximate.

SUBSPECIES OF THE SPECIES GEOMYS BURSARIUS

If Geomys lutescens major Davis is correctly judged to intergrade with Geomys bursarius majusculus Swenk, the name for the full species will be Geomys bursarius because bursarius is the oldest name among those available. Some new combinations of names are required. According to our present understanding, the eleven kinds of pocket gophers named below are properly to be arranged as subspecies of the species Geomys bursarius:

Geomys bursarius bursarius (Shaw). Type from unknown locality in Upper Mississippi Valley.

Geomys bursarius majusculus Swenk. Type from Lincoln, Lancaster County, Nebraska.

Geomys bursarius hylaeus Blossom. Type from 10 mi. S Chadron, Dawes County, Nebraska.

Geomys bursarius levisagittalis Swenk. Type from Spencer, Boyd County, Nebraska.

Geomys bursarius vinaceus Swenk. Type from Scottsbluff, Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska.

Geomys bursarius lutescens Merriam. Type from Sandhills on Birdwood Creek, Lincoln County, Nebraska.

Geomys bursarius illinoensis Komarek and Spencer. Type from 1 mi. S Momence, Kankakee County, Illinois.

Geomys bursarius jugossicularis Hooper. Type from Lamar, Prowers County, Colorado.

Geomys bursarius industrius new subspecies. Type from 1-1/2 mi. N Fowler, Meade County, Kansas.

Geomys bursarius major Davis. Type from 8 mi. W Clarendon, Donley County, Texas.

Geomys bursarius llanensis Bailey. Type from Llano, Llano County, Texas.

LITERATURE CITED

Allen, J. A.

1874. Notes on the mammals of portions of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming and Utah. Part I. On the mammals of middle and western Kansas. Bull. Essex Inst., 6 (no. 2):43-52. February, 1874.

1895. List of mammals collected in the Black Hills region of South Dakota and in western Kansas by Mr. Walter W. Granger with field notes by the collector. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:259-274. August 21, 1895.

Allen, P.

1940. Kansas mammals. Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia, Bull. Inf. Stud. in Educ., Number 20 (no. 5):l-62. May, 1940.

Baker, A. B.

1889. Mammals of western Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 11:56-58 (for 1887-88).

Baird, S. F.

1857. Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. War Department. Mammals, Part I, xxxii + 757, pls. 17-60, 35 figs. in text, 1857.

Black, J. D.

1937. Mammals of Kansas. Thirtieth Bienn. Rept. Kansas State Board of Agric., 35:116-217.

Davis, W. B.

1940. Distribution and variation of pocket gophers (Genus Geomys) in the southwestern United States. Texas Agric. Exp. Station, Bull., 590:1-38, 6 figs. in text. October 23, 1940.

Hibbard, C. W.

1933. A revised check list of Kansas mammals. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 36:230-249.

1944. A checklist of Kansas mammals, 1943. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 47:61-88.

Hooper, E. T.

1940. A new race of pocket gopher of the species Geomys lutescens from Colorado. Occas. Papers, Mus. Zoöl., Univ. Michigan, 420:1-3. June 28, 1940.

Knox, M. V. B.

1875. Kansas Mammalia. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 4:18-22.

Komarek, E. V., and Spencer, D. A.

1931. A new pocket gopher from Illinois and Indiana. Journ. Mamm., 12:404-408, 1 pl., 1 fig. in text. November 11, 1931.

Lantz, D. E.

1905. Kansas mammals in their relations to agriculture. Kansas State Agric. College Bull., 129:331-404. April, 1905.

1905. A list of Kansas mammals. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 19:171-178.

1907. Additions and corrections to the list of Kansas mammals. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 20 (pt. 2):214-217.

Merriam, C. H.

1890. Descriptions of twenty-six new species of North American mammals. N. Amer. Fauna, 4: v + 60, 3 pls., 3 figs. in text. October 8, 1890.

1895. Monographic revision of the pocket gopher Family Geomyidae.... N. Amer. Fauna, 8:1-258, 19 pls. and frontispiece, 71 figs. in text, 4 maps. January 31, 1895.

Scheffer, T. H.

1910. The pocket gopher. Kansas State Agric. Coll. Ent. and Zoöl. Dept., Bull., 172:197-233, illustrated. September, 1910.

1931. Habits and economic status of the pocket gophers. U. S. Dept. Agric., Tech. Bull., 224:1-27, 8 pls., 2 figs. in text. January, 1931.

Swenk, M. H.

1939. A study of local size variations in the prairie pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius), with description of a new subspecies from Nebraska. Missouri Valley Fauna, 1:1-8. December 5, 1939.

1940. A study of subspecific variation in the yellow pocket gopher (Geomys lutescens) in Nebraska, and the geographical and ecological distribution of the variants. Missouri Valley Fauna, 2:1-12. February 1, 1940.

Transmitted May 30, 1947.

PRINTED BY
FRED VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1947
21-8188

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUBSPECIATION IN POCKET GOPHERS OF KANSAS, [KU. VOL. 1 NO. 11] ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.