The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, Number 109, November 29, 1851

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, Number 109, November 29, 1851

Author: Various

Editor: George Bell

Release date: March 23, 2012 [eBook #39233]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Library of Early Journals.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, VOL. IV, NUMBER 109, NOVEMBER 29, 1851 ***

Vol. IV.—No. 109. NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."—CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

VOL. IV.—No. 109.

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 29. 1851.

Price Threepence. Stamped Edition, 4d.

CONTENTS.

NOTES:—

Thomas More and John Fisher 417

Notes on Newspapers, by H. M. Bealby 418

Treatise of Equivocation 419

Notes on Virgil, by Dr. Henry 420

Minor Notes:—Verses presented, to General Monck—Justice to Pope Pius V. 421

QUERIES:—

Crosses and Crucifixes 422

Master of the Buckhounds, by John Branfill Harrison 422

Minor Queries:—"No Cross no Crown"—Dido and Æneas—Pegs and Thongs for Rowing: Torture among the Athenians—French Refugees—Isabel, Queen of the Isle of Man—Grand-daughter of John Hampden—Cicada or Tettigonia Septemdecim—The British Sidanen—Jenings or Jennings—Caleva Atrebatum, Site of—Abigail—Etymology of Durden—Connecticut Halfpenny 423

MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:—Arms displayed on Spread Eagle—St. Beuno—Lists of Knights Bachelor—Walker—See of Durham 424

REPLIES:—

Convocation of York 425

The Old Countess of Desmond 426

Coins of Vabalathus 427

Marriage of Ecclesiastics 427

Replies to Minor Queries:—"Crowns have their Compass"—The Rev. Richard Farmer—Earwig 428

MISCELLANEOUS:—

Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 429

Books and Odd Volumes wanted 429

Notices to Correspondents 430

Advertisements 430

List of Notes and Queries volumes and pages

Notes.

THOMAS MORE AND JOHN FISHER.

Although I am afraid "NOTES AND QUERIES" may not be considered as open to contributions purely bibliographical, and admitting I am uncertain whether the following copy of the treatise of John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, has been before noted, I am induced to send this extract from Techener's Bulletin du Bibliophile for May 1851. The book is in the library at Douai.

"This Treatise concernynge the fruytful Saynges of David the King and prophete in the seven penytencyall psalmes, devyded in ten sermons, was made and compyled by the ryght reverente fader in god Johan Fyssher, doctour of dyvinyte and bysshop of Rochester, at the exortacion and sterynge of the most excellent pryncesse Margarete, Countesse of Richemount and Derby, and moder to out souverayne Lorde Kynge Hēry the VII."

It is described as a small 4to., printed upon vellum, in Gothic letters, at London, 1508, by Wynkyn de Worde, and contains 146 leaves. On the first leaf it has a portcullis, crowned with the motto "Dieu et mon Droit." On the recto of the last leaf there is—

"Here endeth the exposycyon of the 7 psalmes. Enprynted at London in the fletestrete, at the sygne of ye Sonne, by Wynkyn de Worde. In the yere of oure lorde M.CCCCC.VIII. ye 16 day of ye moneth of Juyn. The XXIII. yere of ye reygne of our souverayne Lorde Kynge Hēry the Seventh."

At the back, there is the sun, the monogram of Wynkyn de Worde—the letters W. C. displayed as usual—and beneath, "Wynkyn de Worde."

At the beginning of the book, "sur une garde en vélin" (a fly-leaf of vellum?), there is written in a very neat hand the following ten verses, the profession of faith of Thomas Morus and of his friend John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester:

"The surest meanes for to attaine

The perfect waye to endlesse blisse

Are happie lief and to remaine

Wthin ye church where virtue is;

And if thy conscience be sae sounde

To thinse thy faith is truth indeede

Beware in thee noe schisme be founde

That unitie may have her meede;

If unitie thow doe embrace

In heaven (en?)joy possesse thy place."

Beneath—

"Qui non rectè vivit in unitate ecclesiæ

Catholicæ, salvus esse non potest."

And lower on the same page—

"Thomas Morus dn̄s cancellarius Angliæ

Joh. Fisher Epûs Roffensis."

It is traditionally reported, upon the testimony of some Anglican Benedictines (an order now extinct), that the lines which contain the profession of faith, and those which follow, are in the handwriting of Bishop Fisher, and that the work was presented by him to the chancellor, during their imprisonment, when by order of Henry VIII. the chancellor was denied the consolation of his books.

In the same library there is a fine Psalter, which belonged to Queen Elizabeth. The Livre d'Heures of Mary Queen of Scots was here also to be found: "Maria, glorious martyr and Queen of Scotland." It is conjectured these books were brought to Douai by the fugitive English Roman Catholic priests. In 1790 their collections were confiscated and given to the public library of Douai. It would be of interest to ascertain, if possible, the authenticity of the Heures à l'Usage, stated to have belonged to Mary Queen of Scots. Upon this point one may be permitted to be sceptical. I have myself seen two. One of these, it was said, had been used by Mary on the scaffold, and contained a note in the handwriting, as I think, of James II. attesting the fact. It was understood to have been obtained from a monastery in France. The other, a small Prayer Book MS. in vellum, of good execution, had the signature "M." with a line I think over it of "O Lord, deliver me from my enemies!" in French. I am, however, now writing from memory, and, in the first case, of very many years.

Whether the line, "Maria, glorious martyr and Queen of Scotland," be written in the Psalter, or has been added by the mental excitement of M. Duthillœul, the librarian at Douai, I cannot decide. The grand culmination of "and Queen of Scotland" forms doubtless a very striking anti-thesis: but neither the possessor of the book nor a priest would have so sunk the martyr, although a woman and a queen were alike concerned, as this line does. Lowndes states there is a copy of the bishop's treatise on vellum at Cambridge. A copy is in the British Museum; but the title, according, to Lowndes, has seven sermons. It will be observed the title now given has ten.

S. H.

NOTES ON NEWSPAPERS.

The social elements of society in the seventeenth century were more simple in their character and development than at the present period. The population was comparatively small, and therefore the strivings for success in any pursuit did not involve that severe conflict which is so frequently the case in the present day. Society then was more of a community than it is now. It had not public bodies to aid it. It was left more to its own inherent resources for reciprocal good, and for mutual help. The temptations to evade and dissemble, in matters of business, or private and public negotiations, were not so strong as they now are. Its transactions were more transparent and defined, because they were fewer and less complicated than many of our own. We readily grant that society now, in its social, religious, and commercial aspects, enjoys advantages immeasurably superior to those of any former period; still there are some few advantages which it had then, that it cannot possess now. The following advertisements, from the newspapers of the time, will illustrate the truth of the foregoing remarks:

From a Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade.

Friday, January 26, 1693/4.

"One that is fit to keep a Warehouse, be a Steward, or do any Business that can be supposed an intelligent Man that has been a Shopkeeper is fit for, and can give any Security that can be desired, as far as Ten Thousand Pound goes, and has some Estate of his own, desires an Employment of One hundred Pounds a year, or upwards. I can give an account of him."

That a man having 10,000l. to give as security, and in possession of an estate, should require a situation of 100l. per annum, sounds oddly enough in our ears. "I can give an account of him," denotes that the editor was a man well known and duly appreciated. He appears to have been a scribe useful in many ways. He was known, and knowing.

Friday, February 2, 1693/4.

"A very eminent Brewer, and one I know to be a very honest Gentleman, wants an Apprentice. I can give an account of him."

In what sense the word "honest" must here be taken it is difficult to define. As an eminent brewer, we should naturally conclude he must have been an honest man. He is here very eminent and very honest.

Friday March 16, 1693/4.

"Many Masters want Apprentices, and many Youths want Masters. If they apply themselves to me, I'll strive to help them. Also for variety of valuable services."

Here is the editor of a paper offering his help to masters and apprentices for their mutual good. Let us suppose an advertisement of this kind appearing in The Times of our own day. Printing-house Square would not contain a tithe of the individuals who would present themselves for the reception of this accommodating aid. In such a case the editors (as it regards their particular duties) would be cyphers, for a continuous absorption of their time would necessarily occur in the carrying out of this benevolent offer. This advertisement may be considered as multum in parvo, giving the wants of the many in an announcement of three or four lines, connecting them with a variety of services which in those days were thought to be valuable. How greatly are we assisted by these little incidents in forming correct views of the state of society at that period.

The next advertisement shows the value set upon the services of one who was to perform the duties of a clerk, and to play well on the violin.

"If any young Man that plays well on a Violin, and writes a good Hand, desires a Clerkship, I can help him to Twenty Pounds a year."

Of course twenty pounds was of more value then than it is now: still it seems a small sum for the performance of such duties, for twelve months. Here is musical talent required for the amusement of others, in combination with the daily duties of a particular profession. An efficient musician, and a good writer, and all for 20l. per annum! We learn by the editor's "I can help him," his readiness to assist all who would advertise in his journal, to obtain those employments which their advertisements specified.

Friday, April 6, 1694.

"A Grocer of good business desires an Apprentice of good growth."

The "good growth" must have been intended to convey the idea of height and strength.

My next article shall be devoted to advertisements of another class, further illustrating the state of society and the peculiarities of the people at the end of the seventeenth century.

H. M. BEALBY.

North Brixton.

TREATISE OF EQUIVOCATION.

As having originated the inquiry in "NOTES AND QUERIES"[1] respecting this Treatise, under the signature of J. M., I feel great obligation both to the editor of that journal, and the editor of the Treatise itself, for having brought it to light by publication, and added it to the stock of accurate and very important historical information. Indeed, a real vacancy was left for it; and it is a subject of high self-gratulation, that a boon previously, and for a length of time, hidden and unproductive, is now accessible and operative without limit. I have no doubt that all your readers, and the whole reading public, join with me in rejoicing that the editorship of the work has fallen into hands so competent and so successful.

[1] Vol. i., pp. 263. 357.; Vol. ii., pp. 136. 168. 446. 490.

I was, not for ten, but twenty years or more, in quest of the MS. now so happily made public property, and should have fallen upon it much earlier, but for the misleading title under which it appears, where it is really; for it has been found. In the Catalogus Lib. MSS.: Ox. 1697, among the Laudian MSS. appears, p. 62., "968.95. A Treatise against Equivocation, or fraudulent Dissimulation." Against! when no such word is in the original, and the real matter and meaning is for! I had, at some early time, marked the very entry; but presuming that the work had been actually printed (which I believe it was in a very few copies, which have disappeared), naturally enough I did not pursue the search in that direction. Others, I am happy, have, and I am gratified.

The work is very important; for there is not a work more evidently genuine and authentic than this is proved to be by plain historic evidence, both as to the document itself and the facts which it attests. The witness, or witnesses, appearing in it, give their testimony respecting themselves with the most unsuspectable simplicity. They meant not, and have not, misrepresented themselves: they have proclaimed their own doctrine for themselves respecting Equivocation and Mental Reservation—the last of which is really of most importance; and it was most needful to the Roman body at the time, and under their circumstances. Their object, for mere safety, was concealment as to their resorts or residences. They could not exist, as they did, without the assistance and knowledge of many individuals, some of inferior class. Against the incessant inquiries to which they were exposed they had no defence, except the power of disappointing or misleading by ambiguity or deception, which was completely secured by reserved termination in the mind to any uttered declaration. Now, there is in this very Treatise plain admission that all the co-religionists of the endangered party, particularly a lady who is distinctly noticed, were not convinced of the moral rectitude of such a procedure; and it was necessary, or expedient, that their hesitation should be removed. And this seems to be the main object of the present work. How far it has succeeded must depend upon the evidence which is adduced.

We have generally had the doctrine of the Roman body on the subject of the Treatise presented by opponents; here we have it as deliberately stated by themselves. There is a passage rather observable in p. 103., beginning at the bottom and extending to the words "he hath no such meaning to tell them," of which we are not acquainted with a duplicate. But the whole has something of the freshness and interest of novelty.

Macbeth, it is agreed, I believe, was written in 1607, consequently after the Powder Plot, when the doctrine before us was brought forward pointedly against the traitors. Might there not be some reference to the fact in the Second Act, where the porter of the castle, roused by repeated knockings, on the murder, after other exclamations in the manner of the poet, proceeds:

"Here's an Equivocator, that could swear in both the scales, against either scale: who committed treason enough for God's sake, yet could not equivocate to heaven. Oh, come in, Equivocator"?

Mr. Jardine will thank your correspondent for pointing out an error or two which should be corrected in another edition. At p. 44., for "χθο," in the margin, should be printed "sub verbo." The word in the MS. is a contraction to that effect: the capital "V" has a curved stroke across the first line of the "V," followed by "bo." Generally the Dubium, in alphabetic works of the kind referred to, ranks under some alphabetic word, one or more, as it may happen; but in Em. Sà's work the word Dubium comes under the letter D., and this is meant to be expressed. At p. 49. the footnote should be omitted, as the Vulgate, which is followed, calls the 1st of Samuel the 1st of Kings. The first line of p. 56. should have "autem" instead of "antea." I have inspected the MS. carefully, and therefore speak with confidence.

EUPATOR.

NOTES ON VIRGIL.
(Continued from p. 308.)

IV. "Illum expirantem transfixo pectore flammas
Turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto."
Virg. Æn. I. 48.

"TURBINE; volubilitate ventorum. SCOPULO; saxo eminenti."—Servius.

"Hub sie im Wirbel empor, und spiesst' an ein scharfes Gestein ihn."—Voss.

"Ipsum vero Pallas fulmine percussum procellæ vi scopulo etiam allisit."—Heyne.

"Impegit rupi acutæ."—Ruæus.

"Infixit. Inflixit, lectionem quorundam MSS. facile prætulissem, et quod statim præcesserit transfixo, unde evadit inconcinna cognatæ dictionis repetitio, et quod etiam Æn. x. 303.:

"'Namque inflicta vadis, dorso dum pendet iniquo,'

"si Sidon. Apoll. v. 197. haud tueretur vulgatam scripturam:

"'Fixusque Capharei

Cautibus, inter aquas flammam ructabat Oileus.'"—Wakefield.

To which criticism of Wakefields's, Forbiger adds: "Præterea etiam acuto scopulo infigendi voc. accommodatius videtur quam infligendi." And Wagner: "acuto scopulo infigi melius."

This interpretation and these criticisms are founded altogether on a false conception of the meaning of the word infigere, which is never to fix on, but always either to fix in, or to fix with, i.e. pierce with. Scopulo infixit acuto, fixed or pinned down or to the ground with a sharp rock; i.e. hurled a sharp-pointed rock on him, so as to nail him to the ground. So (Æn. XII. 721.) "Cornua obnixi infigunt," fix their horns, not on, but in; infix their horns; stick their horns into each other; stick each other with their horns: q.d. Cornibus se mutuo infigunt: and, exactly parallel to our text:

"Saturnius me sic infixit Jupiter,

Jovisque numen Mulcibri adscivit manus.

Hos ille cuneos fabrica crudeli inserens,

Perrupit artus; qua miser sollertia

Transverberatus, castrum hoc Furiarum incolo."

Cicero (translating from Æschylus), Tuscul. Quæst. II. 10.

In confirmation of this view of the passage, I may observe: 1st, that it is easier to imagine a man staked to the ground by a sharp-pointed rock, than flung on a sharp-pointed rock, so as to remain permanently impaled on it; and 2dly, that the account given of the transaction, both by Quintus Calaber and Seneca, agree as perfectly with this view as they disagree with the opposite:

Καί νύ κεν ἐξήλυξε κακὸν μόρον, εἰ μὴ ἄρ'αὐτῷ,

ῥήξας αἶαν ἔνερθεν, ἐπιπροέηκε κολώνην·

εὖτε πάρος μεγάλοιο κατ' Ἐγκελάδοιο δαΐφρων

Παλλὰς ἀειραμένη Σικελὴν ἐπικάββαλε νῆσον·

ἦ ῥ' ἔτι καίεται αἰὲν ὑπ' ἀκαμάτοιο Γίγαντος,

αἰθαλόεν πνείοντος ἔσω χθονός· ὡς ἄρα Λοκρῶν

ἀμφεκάλυψεν ἄνακτα δυσάμμορον οὔρεος ἄκρη,

ὑψόθεν ἐξεριποῦσα, βάρυνε δὲ καρτερὸν ἄνδρα·

ἀμφὶ δέ μιν θανάτοιο μέλας ἐκιχήσατ' ὄλεθρος,

γαίῃ ὁμῶς δμηθέντα καὶ ἀκαμάτῳ ἐνὶ πόντῳ.

Quintus Calab. XIV. 579.

And so Seneca; who, having presented us with Ajax clinging to the rock to which he had swum for safety, after his ship had been sunk, and himself struck with lightning, and there uttering violent imprecations against the Deity, adds:

"Plura cum auderet furens,

Tridente rupem subruit pulsam pater

Neptunus, imis exerens undis caput,

Solvitque montem; quem cadens secum tulit:

Terraque et igne victus et pelago jacet."

Agam. 552.

And, so also, beyond doubt, we are to understand Sidonius Apollinaris's—

"Fixusque Capharei

Cautibus, inter aquas flammam ructabat Oileus."

Not, with Wakefield and the other commentators, fixed on the rocks of Caphareus, but, pierced with the rocks of Caphareus, and lying under them. Compare (Æn. IX. 701.) "fixo pulmone," the pierced lung; "fixo cerebro" (Æn. XII. 537.); "verubus trementia figunt" (Æn. I. 216.), not, fix on the spits, but, stick or pierce with the spits; and especially (Ovid. Ibis. 341.),

"Viscera sic aliquis scopulus tua figat, ut olim

Fixa sub Euboico Graia fuere sinu,"

pierced and pinned down with a rock, at the bottom of the Eubœan gulf.

TURBINE. SCOPULO.—Not two instruments, a whirlwind and a rock, but one single instrument, a whirling rock; scopulo turbineo; in modo turbinis se circumagente; as if Virgil had said, Solo affixit illum correptum et transverberatum scopulo acuto in eum maxima vi rotato: or, more briefly, Turbine scopuli acuti corripuit et infixit. Compare:

"Præcipitem scopulo atque ingentis turbine saxi

Excutit effunditque solo."

Æn. XII. 531.

"Stupet obvia leto

Turba super stantem, atque emissi turbine montis

Obruitur."

Stat. Theb. II. 564.

"Idem altas turres saxis et turbine crebro

Laxat."

Stat. Theb. X. 742.

So understood, 1st, the passage is according to Virgil's usual manner, the latter part of the line explaining and defining the general statement contained in the former; and, 2ndly, Pallas kills her enemy, not by the somewhat roundabout and unusual method of first striking him with thunder, and then snatching him up in a whirlwind, and then either dashing him against a sharp rock, and leaving him impaled there, or, as I have shown is undoubtedly the meaning, impaling him with a sharp rock, but by the more compendious and less out-of-the-way method of first striking him with thunder, and then whirling a sharp-pointed rock on top of him, so as to impale him.

From Milton's imitation of this passage, in his Paradise Lost (ii. 180.), it appears that even he fell into the general and double error:

"Caught in a fiery tempest shall be hurled,

Each on his rock transfixed."

Caro's translation shows that he had no definite idea whatever of the meaning:

"A tale un turbo

In preda il diè; che per acuti scogli

Miserabil ne fe' rapina, e scempio."

V. "Ast ego, quæ Divûm incedo regina, Jovisque
Et soror et conjux, una cum gente tot annos
Bella gero."
Æn. I. 50.

"'INCEDERE' wird besonders von der feierlichen, würdevollen Haltung im Gange gebraucht: vers 500, von der Dido, 'Regina incessit.' (Ruhnk. zu Terent. And. I. i. 100. Eun. v. 3. 9.) Deshalb der majestätischen Juno eigenthümlich, Ἡραῖον βαδίζειν. Also nicht für sum, sondern ganz eigentlich."—Thiel.

"But I who walk in awful state above."—Dryden.

"Incedere est ingredi, sed proprie cum quadam pompa et fastu."—Gesner.

"Incessus dearum, imprimis Junonis, gravitate sua notus."—Heyne.

And so also Holdsworth and Ruæus.

I think, on the contrary, that incedo, both here and elsewhere, expresses only the stepping or walking motion generally, and that the character of the step or walk, if inferable at all, is to be inferred only from the context. Accordingly, "Magnifice incedit" (Liv. II. 6.); "Turpe incedere" (Catull. XXXXII. 8.); "Molliter incedit" (Ovid, Amor. II. 23.); "Passu incedit inerti" (Ovid, Metam. II. 772.); "Melius est incessu regem quam imperium regno claudicare" (Justin. VI. ii. 6.); "Incessus omnibus animalibus certus et uniusmodi, et in suo, cuique, genere" (Plin. X. 38.).

The emphasis, therefore, is on regina, and the meaning is, I who step, or walk, QUEEN of the Gods; the dignity of the step being not expressed by "incedo," but inferable from "regina." The expression corresponds exactly to "ibit regina" (Æn. II. 578.); with this difference only, that "ibit" does not, like "incedo," specify motion on foot.

"Jovisque et soror et conjux."—Both the ets are emphatic. "Jovisque et soror et conjux."

"Bella" expresses the organised resistance which she meets, and the uncertainty of the issue; and being placed first word in the line is emphatic.

JAMES HENRY.

Minor Notes.

Verses presented to General Monck.

—The subjoined notice of a curious entry in the records of the Belfast corporation may be acceptable. The author is unknown. They are inscribed, "Verses to General Monck," and, as the last six lines show, are an attack on the Rump Parliament:—

Advants George Monck, and Monck St. George shall be,

England's restorer to its liberty,

Scotland's protector, Ireland's president,

Reducing all to affree parliament.

And if thou dost intend the other thing,

Go on, and all shall cry God save ye king.

R. R doth rebellion represent,

V. By V nought else but villainy is meant,

M. M murther signifies all men doe knowe,

P. P perjuries in fashion grow.

Then R and V with M and P

Conjoined make up our misery.

The occasion of their presentation is unknown. General Monck took Belfast in 1646 from the Scotch, who being true Presbyterians of the older school, had turned against the parliament. This was the probable occasion of their being presented to the future restorer of King Charles II.

E. L. B.

Justice to Pope Pius V.

—You have done yourself credit by exonerating Queen Elizabeth from a charge the easiest to bring, and the most difficult to rebut, implying the proof of a negative; and therefore frequently brought by the unprincipled. I propose, as a counterpart, to exonerate Pope Pius V. from an imputation, mistakingly, though unjustly, cast upon him by an authority of no less weight than that of Sir Walter Scott. In his edition of Somers's Tracts, vol. i. p. 192., occurs a note on a place in the execution of justice: "Pius V. resolved to make his bastard son, Boncompagni, Marquis of Vincola, King of Ireland," &c. For this assertion no authority is cited, nor indeed could be. The very name might have suggested the filiation to his successor, Gregory XIII., which was the fact. In a work, not much known, The Burnt Child dreads the Fire, &c., by William Denton, M.D., London, 1675, at p. 25. we read, "Gregory XIII. had a bastard, James Buon Compagna, and to him he gave Ireland, and impowered Stewkely with men, arms, and money, to conquer it for him."[2] There is no reason to doubt, that with the editor of the Tracts the above imputation was a simple mistake; but it is an important duty of all who interfere with historical literature, to state and correct every discovered instance of the kind.

[2] Camden, in his Elizabeth, under 1578, states the fact without mention of the name, only calling him "the pope's bastard;" but the date is the sixth year of the pontificate of Gregory XIII.

EUPATOR.

Queries.

CROSSES AND CRUCIFIXES.

In the 22nd volume of the Archæologia, p. 58., is the following passage:

"The cross, which does not appear to have been peculiar to Christianity, when introduced on these obelisks, is usually filled with tracery."

The obelisks, or stones of memorial, referred to are the subjects of a very interesting paper communicated by Mr. Logan to the Society of Antiquaries. (See Plates 2, 3, 4, and 5.) I am desirous of being informed what authenticated instances there are of crosses, or stones marked with crosses, being used for landmarks, memorials, or for any other purpose, civil or religious, before the introduction of Christianity? I have met with one instance. Prescott, in his History of Mexico, relates that—

"In the court of one of the temples in the island of Columel he was amazed by the sight of a cross of stone and lime, about ten palms high."

It was the emblem of the god of rain (See vol. i. p. 240., &c.)

In the same paper Mr. Logan observes—

"Crosses, or stones on which the figure was traced, marked a place of meeting for certain districts; and within memory of man a fair was held on this spot. It is not improbable that market-crosses may be deduced from this custom."

It seems that every town that had the privilege of a market or fair (I am speaking of England) had a market-cross. In most of these towns the cross has disappeared, and in its place a ball or globe has been mounted on the shaft; but the term "market-cross" is still in use. In the town of Giggleswick, in the parish of Giggleswick, there is a perfect market-cross, the cross being what is, I believe, called a cross-fleury. In the town of Settle, in the same parish of Giggleswick, the ball or globe is placed on the top of the shaft. Are there other instances of market towns in which the cross is still found?

I passed through a market town lately in which the stone steps, and socket in which the shaft was placed, are preserved; but they have been removed to one corner of the market-place. The shaft and cross have disappeared.

Is not this erection of the cross, in places in which markets and fairs were held, of ecclesiastical origin? Was the cross erected by licence granted by the bishop within whose jurisdiction it was placed? Is there any grant of such licence in existence? Or did these crosses originate in the gratuitous piety of our ancestors? I fear to ask the question, whether the buyers and sellers under the cross are more upright in their dealings than those who buy and sell without the presence of this emblem of all that is true and just. Is the cross erected in the cities and towns of other states, as in England? Was the custom general in Europe?

F. W. J.

Mr. Curzon states, in the introduction to his Monasteries of the Levant, that—

"The crucifix was not known before the fifth or sixth century, though the cross was always the emblem of the Christian faith."

I am persuaded that this assertion is incorrect, and that the crucifix was used in much earlier times. Will some one kindly inform me where the first mention of it is to be found, and what is the date of the earliest examples now known?

DRYASDUST.

MASTER OF THE BUCKHOUNDS.

In reading the Topographer for January 1791 (a work which was published under the editorship of my uncle, Sir Egerton Brydges), I was surprised to find, in an account of the family of Brocas, of Beaurepaire, in the county of Hampshire, that the post of Master of the Buckhounds had been sold in the reign of James I.

Mr. Gough (Sepulchral Monuments, pp. 160, 161.) appears to be the authority quoted who describes the monument of Sir Bernard Brocas, Kt., as existing at Westminster, and having on it an inscription in which is the following sentence:

"Sir Bernard succeeded to the paternal inheritance both in England and France, and having married Mary, daughter and heiress of Sir John de Roche, had a large estate with her, and the hereditary post of Master of the Buckhounds; which was confirmed to him by King Edward the Third, and held by the family, till sold in James the First's reign."

I have no means of ascertaining at the present time whether this monument is still in existence or not; nor indeed has that much to do with the object of my writing, which is to suggest the following Queries, in the hope that some of your correspondents may be able to send satisfactory answers.

1. By whom was the post of Master of the Buckhounds first instituted, and who was the first Master?

2. Is there any list of persons holding this office; and if so, where may it be seen?

3. Is there any instance of an unmarried lady having held it: for in the case before us we see that a lady was able to convey it by inheritance to her husband?

4. By whom was it sold? Was it by the last hereditary possessor; and if so, what was his name? Or was it by the king, on the death of one of the possessors, for the purpose of enriching himself?

5. Is it known whether there is any other instance of its having been sold: and when did it come to be, as now, a ministerial office?

JOHN BRANFILL HARRISON.

Maidstone.

Minor Queries.

300. "No Cross no Crown."

—Where did Penn get the title of his well-known work? St. Paulinus, Bishop of Nola, in allusion to the custom of crowning crosses, has these lines:—

"Cerne coronatam Domini super atria Christi,

Stare crucem, duro spondentem celsa labori

Præmia: tolle crucem, qui vis auferre coronam."

"See how the cross of Christ a crown entwines:

High o'er God's temple it refulgent shines;

Pledging bright guerdon for each passing pain:

Take up the cross, if thou the crown would'st gain."

Vide Dr. Rock's Hierurgia. Quarles says, in his Esther:

"The way to bliss lies not on beds of down,

And he that had no cross deserves no crown."

MARICONDA.

301. Dido and Æneas.—

"When Dido found Æneas did not come,

She wept in silence, and was—di-do-dum."

Who was the author of the above well-known bit of philology?

A. A. D.

302. Pegs and Thongs for Rowing: Torture among the Athenians.

—Dr. Schmitz (in Smith's Antiq., article SHIPS) speaks of "the pegs, σκαλμοί, between which the oars move[d], and to which they were fastened by a thong, τροπωτήρ." What is the authority for two pegs, between which, &c? A single peg and thong, as still in frequent use, would be intelligible!

Dr. Smith observes (ap. id. p. 1139.) that the decree of Scamandrius, which ordained that no free Athenian should be tortured, "does not appear to have interdicted torture as a means of execution, since we find Demosthenes (de Cor. 271.) reminding the judges that they had put Antiphon to death by the rack." Does it not escape him that Antiphon was then an alien, having suffered expulsion from the Lexiarchic list. (See Dem. l.c.)

A. A. D.

303. French Refugees.

—Where is the treaty or act of parliament to be found which guaranteed compensation to the French refugees at the end of the war? Is it possible to obtain a list of those who received compensation, and the amount paid; and if so, where?

S. QUARTO.

304. Isabel, Queen of the Isle of Man.

—In Charles Knight's London mention is made, amongst the noble persons buried in the church of the Grey Friars, of Isabel, wife of Baron Fitzwarren, sometime queen of the Isle of Man. Will you or some of your correspondents be so kind as to tell me who this lady was, and when the Isle of Man ceased to be an independent kingdom?

FANNY.

305. Grand-daughter of John Hampden.

—According to the Friend of India of 4th September, 1851, there is at Cossimbazar the following inscription:—

"SARAH MATTOCKS,

Aged 27.

Much lamented by her husband,

Lieutenant-Colonel JOHN MATTOCKS.

Was the grand-daughter of the

Great JOHN HAMDEN, Esq.,

Of St. James's, Westminster."

In the following number (dated 11th September, 1851), the editor offers an apology for having omitted the date of the decease of Mrs. Mattocks, viz. 1778; and then remarks that—

"As she was twenty-seven years old at her death, she must have been born in 1751; it was therefore impossible that she should have been the grand-daughter of the great John Hampden, that died in 1643, one hundred and eight years before her birth."

Query, Can any of your correspondents give me any information respecting the subject?

SALOPIAN.

306. Cicada or Tettigonia Septemdecim.

—In Latrobe's Rambler in North America, London, 1835, vol. ii. p. 290., is a curious account of this insect, which visits Pennsylvania every seventeenth year, and appears about May 24. It is under an inch in length when it first appears early in the morning, and gains its strength after the sun has risen. These insects live ten or fifteen days, and never seem to eat any food. They come in swarms, and birds, pigs, and poultry fatten on them. The female lays her eggs in the outermost twigs of the forest; these die and drop on the ground. The eggs give birth to a number of small grubs, which are thus enabled to attain the mould without injury, and in it they disappear; they are forgotten till seventeen years pass, and then the memory of them returns, and they rise from the earth, piercing their way through the matted sod, the hard trampled clay, &c. They appeared in 1749, &c., to 1834, and are expected in 1851. Has this expectation been fulfilled?

C. I. R.

307. The British Sidanen.

—Under this title (the proper spelling in which should be Sina or Senena) an article appears in Vol. iv., p. 120., comprising a portion of the genealogy of the Welsh princess, in which three of her sons are mentioned, viz., Owen, Llewellyn, and David. But there was a fourth son, Roderic, who settled in England, and appears to have been residing there for some time, when the fatal rupture occurred between the two countries. It would appear that descendants of his have lived, and are living in our own times; among them, the late Dr. John Mawer, of Middleton Tyas, whose remarkable epitaph was given in a former number of "NOTES AND QUERIES." My first inquiry is, Is there known to exist any genealogy assuming to extend between the Rev. and learned gentleman just named and Prince Roderic? I am told there was one published in the British Peerage for 1706, at which time John Mawer would be three years of age; is such the fact? I wish also to ask, whether Prince Owen was in existence at the time of the deaths of Llewellyn and David—whether in Wales or England? and whether he was the ancestor of Owen Tudor, the proud father of Henry VII.; and, if not, who was Owen Tudor's ancestor?

AMANUENSIS.

308. Jenings or Jennings.

—Was the late Mr. Jenings of Acton Hall, Suffolk, descended from the family of Jenings, formerly of Silsden, Skipton in Craven, and afterwards of Ripon, Yorkshire; and if so, where can information as to the pedigree be obtained?

A. B. C.

Brighton.

309. Caleva Atrebatum, Site of.

—May not the site of Caleva Atrebatum have been at Caversham, on the north of the Thames, near Reading?

The distance of Caleva from Londinium was forty-four Roman miles, making forty English; and from Venta Belgarum, thirty-six Roman or thirty-three English miles.

Caleva, according to Ptolemy's map, was on the north of the Thames; a portion of the present Oxfordshire being in the country assigned by the same geographer to the Atrebates.

G. J.

310. Abigail.

—Whence, or when, originated the application of Abigail, as applied to a lady's maid? It is used by Dean Swift in this sense; but in a way that shows that it was no new phrase in those days.

J. S. WARDEN.

Balica.

311. Etymology of Durden.

—Jacob, in his Law Dictionary, giving Cowel as his authority (who, however, advances no further elucidation), derives the word from dur-den, a coppice in a valley. Does the word dur signify wood, or, if the British dwr, is it not water?

F. R. R.

312. Connecticut Halfpenny.

—I have a halfpenny, apparently American, bearing on the obverse, a head to the right, and "Auctori Connect.;" and on the reverse, "Inde." for independence, and "Lib." for liberty; date in the exerg., 1781 or 1787; and between "Inde." and "Lib." five stars. Can any of your correspondents tell me if my explanation of the reverse is the correct one? and also who was the "Auctori Connect.," or founder of the state of Connecticut?

J. N. C.

King's Lynn.

Minor Queries Answered.

Arms displayed on Spread Eagle.

—For what reason are the arms of Methwen (and some others, I believe) placed on the breast of a two-headed eagle displayed sable?

H. N. E.

[When armorial ensigns are borne upon the breast of an eagle, the general inference is that the bearers thereof are Counts of the Holy Roman Empire, it being the practice in Germany for Counts of the Empire so to display the eagle.

There are some cases in which especial grants have been made to Englishmen so to do, as in the case of the family of Methwen; and persons having received the royal licence in England to accept the dignity of Count of the Empire, so carry their arms, as in the cases of Earl Cowper, Lord Arundel of Wardour, St. Paul, &c.]

St. Beuno.

—Where can I obtain any information respecting St. Beuno, to whom I find several churches dedicated in Wales?

J. D. D.

[In Rees's Essay on the Welsh Saints, p. 268., and Williams's Ecclesiastical Antiquities of the Cymry, p. 137. The college of Beuno is now called Clynog Vawr. See also The Cambro-Briton, vol. iii. p. 14.]

Lists of Knights Bachelor.

—What publication contains a list of the knights bachelor made by George I. and George II. (1714-1760)? With regard to the subsequent reign I have found the Calendar of Knights, by Francis Townsend, London, 1828, very accurate and perfect.

☞ N.

[There is not any continuous list of Knights Bachelors in any published works since Philpot's Catalogue, 1660, until Townsend's Calendar, which commences in 1760. The knights made by Kings George I. and II. will be found only in some of the genealogical publications of the day, such as the British Compendium, published at intervals between 1720 and 1769; Chamberlayne's State of Great Britain; or Heylin's Help to English History, or Phillipps's List of Nobility, and similar works.

Mr Townsend contemplated the publication of a list, and left an imperfect MS., which passed into the hands of Sir Thomas Phillipps, who printed it; but though privately circulated, it was never published. See Moule's Bibliotheca Heraldica for various works of the character referred to.]

Walker.

—An American lady lecturing on Bloomerism last week was much puzzled by the audience bursting into roars of laughter upon her quoting Professor Walker as an authority for some statement. The roars redoubled upon her declaring her belief that Professor Walker was a most respectable and trustworthy person. Can any one explain the origin of the joke that lies in the name "Walker?" Why do people say "Walker" when they wish to express ridicule or disbelief of a questionable statement?

DAVUS.

[The history of the renowned "Hookey Walker," as related by John Bee, Esq., is simply this:—John Walker was an out-door clerk at Longman, Clementi, and Co.'s in Cheapside, where a great number of persons were employed; and "Old Jack," who had a crooked or hooked nose, occupied the post of a spy upon their aberrations, which were manifold. Of course, it was for the interests of the surveillants to throw discredit upon all Jack's reports to the heads of the firm; and numbers could attest that those reports were fabrications, however true. Jack, somehow or other, was constantly outvoted, his evidence superseded, and of course disbelieved; and thus his occupation ceased, but not the fame of "Hookey Walker."]

See of Durham.

—Can any of your readers inform me of "The privileges of, and the ancient customs appertaining to, the See of Durham?"

H. F.

Clapham, Nov. 3. 1851.

[These relate most probably to the palatine rights of the Bishops of Durham, granted by Egfrid, King of Northumbria, in 685; when he gave to St. Cuthbert all the land between the Wear and the Tyne, called "the patrimony of St. Cuthbert," to hold in as full and ample a manner as the king himself holds the same. This donative, with its ancient customs and privileges, was confirmed by the Danes, and afterwards by William the Conqueror; in addition to which, the latter made the church a sanctuary, and the county a palatinate. Its bishop was invested with as great a power and prerogative within his see, as the king exercised without the bounds of it, with regard to forfeitures, &c. Thus it was a kind of royalty subordinate to the crown, and, by way of eminence, was called The Bishoprick. For an account of the ancient customs connected with the cathedral, our correspondent is referred to the curious and interesting work of Davies of Kidwelly, entitled, The Ancient Rites and Monuments of the Monastical and Cathedral Church of Durham, 12mo. 1672, which has been republished by the Surtees Society.]

Replies.

CONVOCATION OF YORK.
(Vol. iv., p. 368.)

This body (of which I am a member) ought to meet on the same occasions with that of Canterbury; but owing to the neglect or the wilfulness of its officials, many omissions and mistakes occur. I have heard a commission to further adjourn the Convocation, from a day to which it previously stood adjourned, read the day after that on which it ought to have assembled, but which day had arrived and passed without any one recollecting the fact! Our Convocation appears at no time to have acted a very prominent part, though its constitution is far better fitted for a working synod than that of the southern province. In the latter the parochial clergy are so inadequately represented as to be much outnumbered by the dignitaries appointed by the crown and the bishops; but in York there are two proctors chosen by the clergy of each archdeaconry and peculiar jurisdiction, and two by each cathedral chapter; thus affording a complete counterpoise to the deans and archdeacons who are members ex officio. Another peculiarity in the Convocation of York is, that it assembles in one house, the bishops commonly appearing by their proxies (priests), and the archbishop presiding by his commissioner, who is always the dean, or one of the residentiary canons of York.

In 1462 (temp. Archbishop Booth) the Convocation of York decreed that such constitutions of the province of Canterbury as were not prejudicial to those of York should be received, incorporated, and deemed as their own (Wilkins's Concilia, vol. iii. p. 580.). Under Archbishop Grenefeld it was decreed that since the Archbishop of York hath no superior in spirituals except the Pope, no appeals should be suffered to the Archbishop of Canterbury (p. 663.). At an earlier period the northern metropolitan laid claim to all England north of the Humber, with the whole realm of Scotland (Wilkins, vol. i. pp. 325, 479, &c.). In a provincial council at London, A.D. 1175, his jurisdiction was denied over the sees of Lincoln, Chester, Worcester, and Hereford, upon which he appealed to the Pope. With the exception of Chester, however, none of these sees were finally retained in the province.

The next year we are told that, in a (national) council at Westminster, the Pope's legate presiding, the Archbishop of York, "disdaining to sit at the left hand of the legate, forced himself into the lap of the Archbishop of Canterbury, but was immediately knocked down by the other bishops and clergy, severely beaten, and thrust out of the council!" (Hoveden ap. Wilkins, vol. i. p. 485.) How far the Northern Convocation supported their burly prelate in these claims I do not know; but I note that in those days the disorderly conduct of the clergy was not made a pretext for the indefinite suspension of synodical functions; and I query whether the clergy might not be trusted to behave quite as well in the nineteenth century.

But to return to the Convocation of York. There is a curious letter, A.D. 1661, from Accepted Frewen, Archbishop of York, to the Convocation, desiring them to send up to London some of their members duly commissioned on their part to sit with the Lower House of Canterbury for the review of the Liturgy. In this letter the archbishop says that himself and the other bishops of the province were sitting with the bishops of the southern province in their House. A similar expedient for constituting a quasi-national synod seems to have been resorted to upon some earlier occasions; but the Convocation of York still passed in due form by their own separate decree what was so agreed upon. The Articles were thus subscribed by our Convocation in 1571, and the Canons in 1604 and 1640.

Since then the Convocation of York has been regularly summoned, met, adjourned, and been prorogued, without even the dutiful address to the crown, which is regularly discussed and adopted in Canterbury. In the year 1847, a spasmodic attempt at life was manifested in this venerable and ill-used institution. Archbishop Harcourt had consented that an address to the crown should be adopted, and himself procured a draft to be approved by the bishops. His grace however died before the day of meeting. Some difficulty was experienced by the officials, both in York and London, as to the course to be pursued; but a precedent having been pointed out in the reign of James I., when Archbishop Hutton died after summoning the Convocation and before its assembly, a writ was issued from the crown to the dean and chapter at York to elect a præses for the Convocation during the vacancy of the archbishoprick. They appointed the canon who happened to be in residence; an unusually large attendance was given; the Convocation was opened, the names called over, and then the officials had reached the limit of their experience; according to their precedents we ought all to have been sent away. The address however was called on by the præses, being apparently quite unaware that a prolocutor should be chosen by the clergy before they proceeded to business. Such an officer probably seemed to the dignitary already in the chair like a second King of Brentford "smelling at one rose," and the demand was refused. Further difficulties ensued, of course, the moment the debate was opened; and finally, the præses, determined not to be tempted out of his depth, rose all at once, and read the fatal formula which restored our glorious Chapter House to its silent converse with the ghosts. The Convocation has never since been heard of.

CAN EBOR.

THE OLD COUNTESS OF DESMOND.
(Vol. iv., p. 305.)

If your correspondent A. B. R. will refer to Walpole's Fugitive Pieces he will find a minute inquiry into the person and age of this long-lived lady. This is doubtless the dissertation alluded to by C. (Vol. ii., p. 219.) Pennant has two notices of the countess in his Scotch tours. In that of 1769 (which somewhat strangely follows the one of 1772), he gives at p. 87. the engraving spoken of (Vol. iv., p. 306.), apparently taken from the original at Dupplin Castle. It differs a little from R's. description of another portrait, as the cloak is strapped over the chest, not held by a button. In 1772 Pennant again describes this portrait in his Tour in Scotland, vol. ii. p. 88., and speaks of four others, viz., first, at Devonshire House; second, at the Hon. John Yorke's seat, near Cheltenham; third, at Mr. Scott's, printer; and the fourth, in the Standard Closet, Windsor Castle. At the back of the last is written with a pen "Rembrandt." "A mistake (says P.) as Rembrandt was not fourteen years of age (he was indeed only eight) in 1614, at which time it is certain the countess was not living."

In my copy of the Fugitive Pieces (the Strawberry Hill edition, presented by Walpole to Cole), I find the following manuscript note by Cole; an amplification of the passage from Walpole's letters quoted at p. 306.:—

"Being at Strawberry Hill in April, 1773, I saw there a copy of the picture commonly attributed to the old Countess of Desmond; but Mr. Walpole told me that there is sufficient proof that it is a painter's mother, I think Rembrandt's. However, by a letter from Mr. Lort, April 15, 1774, he assures me that on Mr. Pennant's calling at Strawberry Hill to see this picture, he was much chagrined at having a print of it engraved for his book, till Mr. Lort revived him by carrying him to a garret in Devonshire House, where was a picture of this same countess with her name on it, exactly corresponding to his engraved print. I remember a tolerable good old picture of her at Mr. Dicey's, prebendary of Bristol, at Walton in Bucks."

Walpole could not dismiss Pennant without a disparaging remark. He is "a superficial man, and knows little of history or antiquity; but he has a violent rage for being an author." Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones: Pennant would not have displayed the ignorance which Walpole exhibits in the instance before us. In an inscription, which the latter gives, on a Countess of Desmond buried at Sligo, occurs the following contraction: "Desmoniæ Noie Elizabetha." Walpole says (Fugitive Pieces, p. 204.), "This word I can make no sense of, but sic originale; I take it to be redundancy of the carver. It seems to be a repetition of the last three syllables of Desmoniæ!"

The sarcastic observations which Walpole passes on the Society of Antiquaries, its members, and its publications, are so frequent and so bitter, that they must have been founded on some offence not to be pardoned. Were the remarks on the "Historic Doubts" by the president, Dean Milles, and by the Rev. Robert Masters (printed in the first two volumes of the Archæologia), regarded as satisfactorily confuting Walpole's arguments; or did he aim, but unsuccessfully, at the president's chair?

J. H. M.

Bath.

COINS OF VABALATHUS.
(Vol. iv., p. 255.)

There have been many attempts to explain the puzzling VCRIMDR, on the supposition that a Latin sentence was concealed under these letters. Pinkerton suggested "Voluntate Cæsaris Romani Imperatoris Maximi Domini, Rex." I hope to offer a better solution, which, although not new, has been passed over, I believe, by all subsequent writers. The Rev. George North, in the Museum Meadianum, p. 97., gives the following note: "Apud Arabes accepi verbum Karama significare Honoravit, a quo Ucrima, et Ucrim; quo sensu respondet hoc Arabicum Τῷ Σεβαστῷ apud Græcos." On applying to a well-known scholar and linguist here, I found that from the verb Karama there was derived the adjective Karīmat (nobilis), from which again the superlative Akram comes. There can, I think, be little doubt that the word VCRIMDR is originally derived from this verb Karama, and that it is most probably equivalent to Nobilissimus, a title so common shortly afterwards, as applied to the heirs to the empire.[3]

[3] "Nobilissimus, in the Byzantine historians, is synonymous with Cæsar."—Niebuhr.

The word ϹΡΩΙΑϹ or ϹΡΙΑϹ, which appears on the Alexandrian coins of this prince, is of more difficult explanation. Some think it a prænomen, some a Syriac or other Eastern title, perhaps corresponding to VCRIMDR. Pellerin thought so. I hope some Oriental scholar will direct his attention to this point. These coins are very often ill struck, so that the part of the legend below the head, where the word in question is found, is indistinct, for which reason I suppose MR. TAYLOR has followed the erroneous reading of Banduri, ΕΡΜΙΑϹ (properly ϵΡΜΙΑϹ, with lunate epsilon) for ϹΡΩΙΑϹ, which has been corrected by Eckhel. Of three specimens which I possess, one only reads clearly ϹΡΩΙΑϹ, from the above-mentioned cause, but it is unquestionably the correct reading on all. The best arrangement of the legend, from analogy with those forms used by the Romans, is as follows:

ΑΥΤοκρατωρ . ϹΡΩΙΑϹ . ΟΥΑΒΑΛΛΑΘΟϹ . ΑΘΗΝΟδωρου . Υιος.

The existence of coins, of which I possess a specimen also, reading

Α . ϹΡΙΑϹ . ΟΥΑΒΑΛΛΑΘΟϹ . ΑΘΗΝ . Υ.

shows that we must not read ΑΘΗΝΟΥ as one word, but must divide it as above. I think MR. TAYLOR will find his specimen to read as the last-mentioned coin, the ΕΡ (properly ϵΡ) being ϹΡ, and the ΑΥ in like manner ΑϹ. My coin gives the whole legend distinctly, and I can vouch for the exactitude of the above legend.

I believe there appeared some years ago, in the Revue de Numismatique, an article on the coins of the Zenobian family, but I do not remember when it was published, nor the conclusions to which the writer came. That is, however, the most recent investigation of the subject, and to it I must refer MR. TAYLOR, as I have not access to that periodical here.

Sir Gardner Wilkinson has published in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. vii. or viii., an inscription containing the names of Zenobia and Vabalathus. After the name of Vabalathus, who has the title of Autocrator, is the word ΑΘΗΝΟΔΩΡΟΥ, which justifies the reading Αθηνοδωρου Υιος on the coins. Vabalathus is thus probably the son of Zenobia by a former husband, Athenodorus, while bearing himself the same name, as Vabalathus (better Vaballathus, as on the Alexandrian coins) is said to be equivalent to Athenodorus, Gift of Pallas.

W. H. S.

Edinburgh.

MARRIAGE OF ECCLESIASTICS.
(Vol. iv., pp. 57, 125, 193, 196, 298.)

I entirely agree with you that your pages are not a fit battle-ground for theological controversy. Still, since the question of the translation of Heb. xiii. 4. has been mooted, I beg with much deference to suggest that it will not be quite right to let it fall to the ground unsettled, especially since CEPHAS has thought fit to charge those of our Reformers who translated the Scriptures with mistranslating advisedly, and with propagating new doctrines.

CEPHAS'S version of the passage is right, and our English version is wrong; but the fault lies in the ignorance of our translators, an ignorance which they shared with all the scholars of their day, and many not bad scholars of our own, of the effect produced on the force of the article by the relation in which it stands to the other words in the clause, in point of order. ὁ τίμιος γάμος is "the honourable marriage;" ὁ τίμιος γάμος ἐστί is "the honourable marriage is;" ὁ γάμος τίμιος is untranslateable, unless you supply ἐστί, and then it means "the marriage" (or, marriage in general, in the abstract) "is honourable." But ἔστω might be supplied, as it is in Heb. xiii. 4., when it will mean, "let marriage be honourable:" and τίμιος ὁ γάμος has just the same meaning, with perhaps this difference, that the emphasis falls more distinctly on τίμιος. The circumstance that the mere assertion that marriage is honourable in all (men or things), true as it is in itself, ill accords with the tenor of the passage of which it forms a part, which is hortatory, not assertive, is a good reason why CEPHAS'S version should be preferred. But when we find afterwards the words καὶ ἡ κοίτη ἀμίαντος, it is impossible to deny this hortatory force to the sentence; for those words cannot mean "the undefiled bed:" and to translate them "the (or their) bed is undefiled"—which is the only version which they will here bear, but one—would give but a feeble sense. That sole remaining sense is, "the bed (let it) be undefiled;" subaudite ἔστω in the verse is, "Let marriage be honourable in all" (men or things), "and the bed be undefiled; but (or for) whoremongers and adulterers God will judge." Had our translators known that ἡ κοίτη ἀμίαντος could not mean "the bed undefiled," they would at once have been driven to see that the verse is a commandment: and the commandment that marriage should be held honourable in all men (or in all respects), would have served the purpose of their doctrines quite as well as the affirmative form which they have given to their present version. I say, it would have served their purpose; but I say more: they heeded not what did or would serve their purpose. They looked only for the truth and disregarded all else in their pursuit of it. With regard to the controversy about ἐν πᾶσι, it is immaterial which version be adopted. MR. WALTER is right in the rule which he enunciates, if he means that in those cases of adjectives in which the masculine and neuter forms are the same, "man" or "men," not "thing" or "things," must be understood: but it is not always observed, even in classical writers, either in Latin or in Greek. There is no reason why it should be broken here; and I do not believe it is broken. It must have been only by a slip of CEPHAS'S pen that he called πᾶσι a feminine adjective. It undoubtedly refers to both sexes. I wish E. A. D. had given the Greek of the passages from Chrysostom and Augustine, of which he has communicated the Oxford translation, which is as likely to err, perhaps, as any other. Jerome's Latin, like the Vulgate, though the words are not precisely the same, gives a literal version of the Greek, without supplying any verb at all, either est or sit, and, since the Latin has not that expressive power in cases like this which the article gives to the Greek, leaves the passage obscure and undecided.

THEOPHYLACT.

Replies to Minor Queries.

"Crowns have their Compass," &c. (Vol. iv., p. 294.).

—The lines alluded to by your correspondent MR. ABSALON form a inscription on a portrait of King James I. in the Cracherode Collection. (Vide Beloe's Anecdotes, vol. i. p. 210.)

"Crownes have their compasse, length of dayes their date,

Triumphes their tombes, felicitie her fate;

Of more than earth can earth make none partaker,

But knowledge makes the king most like his Maker."

I am aware that this reference does not go to the "root of the matter," if MR. ABSALON wishes to ascertain the author's name; but it may serve as a clue to further discovery.

MARGARET GATTY.

Ecclesfield.

It is quite obvious what lines your correspondent alludes to, though the above quotation which he gives as the commencement of them is not quite correct, nor were they written with the object he supposes.

I send a correct copy of them below, taken from Mr. Payne Collier's very interesting Life of Shakspeare, to whom they have always been attributed; and, it is said, with every show of reason. It is supposed they were written by him in the shape of a complimentary allusion to King James I., in grateful acknowledgment of the patronage bestowed by that monarch upon the stage. The subject is fully discussed at pp. 202, 203. of Mr. Knight's volume, whence, indeed, the above information is derived; and he publishes the lines, as follows, stating then to be copied from a coeval manuscript in his possession:—

"SHAKSPEARE ON THE KING.

"Crowns have their compass—length of days their date—

Triumphs their tomb—felicity, her fate—

Of nought but earth can earth make us partaker,

But knowledge makes a king most like his Maker."

Some one, to make the allusion more complete, that is, to over-do it, changed "a king" into "the king" in a subsequent publication of the lines. But this, as Mr. Payne Collier very justly feels, completely spoils the whole complexion of the epigram, and perverts a fine allusion into a raw personality.

J. J. A.

The Rev. Richard Farmer (Vol. iv., pp. 379.[4] 407.).

—The observations of BOLTON CORNEY upon my incidental mention of Dr. Farmer, are, I think, wholly unwarranted, both in substance and manner, especially as he himself furnishes ample confirmation of its truth.

[4] At page 379., second column, fifth line from bottom, for "thrice" read "twice."

Taking his quotations in due order—

1. The certificate of Dr. Farmer's character for learning and ability is unnecessary, because neither was impugned; nor does an allegation of atrocity in taste and judgment necessarily imply deficiency in mere book-learning.

2. As for Isaac Reed's opinion in favour of Farmer's Essay, it might be met by many of directly opposite tendency, and of at least equal weight.

3. In the only point really in question, BOLTON CORNEY "cannot deny that Farmer related the anecdote of the wool-man" (that being the reputed trade of Shakspeare's father); but to what end was it related, if not to suggest an application of which Steevens was only the interpreter?

But BOLTON CORNEY thinks the character of the witness suspicious; he forgets that only just before he had stated that the anecdote and its application had been repeated in three editions, extending over thirteen years, all within the lifetime of Dr. Farmer!

A. E. B.

Leeds.

Earwig (Vol. iv., pp. 274. 411.).

—The correspondent who asserts the curious fact that Johnson, Richardson, and Webster do not notice the word earwig must have consulted some expurgated editions of the works of those celebrated lexicographers—or else we must consider his assertion as a curious fact in the history of literary oversights.

BOLTON CORNEY.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.

Although there are few books which have proved of greater utility to inquirers into the more recent history of England than Beatson's Political Index, yet it is also true that there are few which have more frequently or more justly caused the reader to feel the want of a new and improved edition. A very short examination, however, of Mr. Haydn's recently published Beatson's Political Index Modernised, The Book of Dignities, containing Rolls of the Official Personages of the British Empire, Civil, Ecclesiastical, Judicial, Military, Naval, and Municipal, &c., will satisfy the reader that such want has at length been supplied in a manner the most ample and the most satisfactory. For though we have referred to Beatson's well-known work for the purpose of furnishing a better idea of the Book of Dignities, we are bound to acknowledge that Mr. Haydn is justified in stating, that in the work in question he owes little more than the plan to Beatson. Mr. Haydn's volume not only contains many lists (among them the "Administrations of England, and the Judges of the Ecclesiastical Courts") not to be found in the Political Index, but the author has had the advantage of being permitted to search the various official records with the view of enabling him to give complete and accurate information. The result, of course, is obvious; namely, that just in the same proportion that our author surpasses Beatson in the extent and accuracy of his various lists, does the Book of Dignities exceed its predecessor in usefulness to the official man, the historian, and the scholar.

Mr. Hunt's experience as a public lecturer at the various literary and scientific institutions of the country, having convinced him that for the majority of the members of those institutions most of the existing works on natural philosophy are of too abstruse and technical a character—are, in short, sealed books,—he has been led to publish a small volume which we have no doubt will soon become extremely popular. It is entitled Elementary Physics, an Introduction to the Study of Natural Philosophy; and, as its object is to teach physical science so far as to render all the great deductions from observation and experiment satisfactorily clear, without encountering the difficulty of mathematics,—and no one is better able to do this, and throw a charm over such a subject, than the author of the Poetry of Science,—the work, which is illustrated with upwards of two hundred woodcuts, will be found eminently useful; not only to those who have neither time nor opportunity to carry their studies beyond its pages, but especially as a "first book" to those in whom it may awaken the desire for a more perfect knowledge of the beautiful and important truths of which it treats.

The nature of the Hand Atlas of Physical Geography, consisting of a Series of Maps and Illustrations, showing the Geographical Distribution of Natural Phenomena, embracing the Divisions of Geology, Hydrography, Meteorology, Natural History: from the Physikalischer Atlas of Berghaus, and the Maps of the Erdkunde, drawn by and under the immediate Superintendence of Drs. Ritter and Kiepert, Oetzel, Grimm, &c., by the Editor of the University Atlas of the Middle Ages, is sufficiently described by its ample title-page; which shows, moreover, that the work is not a mere copy or reduction of the great atlas of Berghaus, on which it is founded. As a companion to the works of Humboldt, Mrs. Somerville, and other writers on physical geography, it will be found most useful; while its convenient size, and moderate price, place it within the reach of almost all classes of readers.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.—Nattali and Bond's (23. Bedford Street) Catalogue Part II. of Ancient and Modern Books; Adam Holden's (60. High Street, Exeter) Catalogue Part XXXIII. of Second-hand Books in Excellent Condition; B. Quaritch's (16. Castle Street, Leicester Square) Catalogue No. 37. of Books in Oriental Literature; J. Russell Smith's (4. Old Compton Street, Soho) Catalogue Part VII. of an Extensive Collection of Choice, Useful, and Curious Books.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES
WANTED TO PURCHASE.

HUNTER'S DEANERY OF DONCASTER. Vol. I. Large or small paper.

CLARE'S RURAL MUSE.

CHRISTIAN PIETY FREED FROM THE DELUSIONS OF MODERN ENTHUSIASTS. A.D. 1756 or 1757.

AN ANSWER TO FATHER HUDDLESTONE'S SHORT AND PLAIN WAY TO THE FAITH AND CHURCH. By Samuel Grascombe. London, 1703. 8vo.

REASONS FOR ABROGATING THE TEST IMPOSED UPON ALL MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. By Samuel Parker, Lord Bishop of Oxon. 1688. 4to.

LEWIS'S LIFE OF CAXTON. 8vo. 1737.

CATALOGUE OF JOSEPH AMES'S LIBRARY. 8vo. 1760.

TRAPP'S COMMENTARY. Folio. Vol. I.

WHITLAY'S PARAPHRASE ON THE NEW TESTAMENT. Folio. Vol. I. 1706.

LONG'S ASTRONOMY. 4to. 1742.

MAD. D'ARBLAY'S DIARY. Vol. II 1842.

ADAMS' MORAL TALES.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DR. JOHNSON. 1805.

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

Notices to Correspondents.

J. NORTH will find his Query respecting the Zollverein answered in our 3rd Vol. p. 451. His others shall appear shortly.

LOVELACE'S POEMS. D. H. M. C. is informed that these were reprinted in 1817, under the editorship of our valued correspondent MR. SINGER.

J. RAYNER, who asks for names of present reigning sovereigns, of presidents of the United States for the last thirty years, and of the governors-general of India, is referred to Mr. Haydn's Book of Dignities (noticed in our present number), where he will find all the information of which he is in search.

W. S. W. Many thanks for your kind reminder. The article is in type, although omitted this week from want of room.

J. S. B. is thanked. Such a list would be most useful.

REPLIES RECEIVED.—Pope's Honest Factor—Serpent with Human Head—Marriage of Ecclesiastics—Hobbes's Leviathan—Definition of Truth—Wearing Gloves before Royalty—Derivation of Earwig—Dictionary of Hackneyed Quotations—Passage in Campbell—"'Tis Twopence now"—Cozens the Painter—"Acu tinali meridi"—Nightingale and Thorn, &c.—Theodolite—Temple of Ægina—Ashen Fagots—Cause of Transparency—Praed's Charade—Marriages in ruined Churches—Age of Trees—Joceline's Legacy—St. Bene't Fink—Bristol Tables—"A little Bird told me"—Lycian Inscriptions—Tuden Aled.

Copies of our Prospectus, according to the suggestion of T. E. H., will be forwarded to any correspondent willing to assist us by circulating them.

VOLS. I., II., and III., with very copious Indices, may still be had, price 9s. 6d. each, neatly bound in cloth.

NOTES AND QUERIES is published at noon on Friday, so that our country Subscribers may receive it on Saturday. The subscription for the Stamped Edition is 10s. 2d. for Six Months, which may be paid by Post-office Order drawn in favour of our Publisher, MR. GEORGE BELL, 186 Fleet Street; to whose care all communications for the Editor should be addressed.

Errata.—Page 345, for "FERMILODUM" read "FERMILODVNI;" p. 394. col. 1. l. 34. for "Danish" read "Dutch;" p. 395. col. 1. l. 19. for "Dunferline" read "Dunfermline."

This day are published at the
UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD,

THE LIFE OF JAMES DUKE OF ORMOND; containing an account of the most remarkable affairs of his time, and particularly of Ireland under his government: with an Appendix and a Collection of Letters, serving to verify the most material facts in the said History. A new Edition, carefully compared with the original MSS. 6 vols. 8vo. Price 2l. 6s. in boards.

NOVUM TESTAMENTUM GRÆCUM. Accedunt parallela S. Scripturæ loca, necnon vetus capitulorum notatio et canones Eusebii. 18mo. Price 3s. in boards.

THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT CONNECTED in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations, from the declension of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah to the time of Christ. By HUMPHREY PRIDEAUX, Dean of Norwich. 2 vols. 8vo. Price 14s. in boards.

FASTI HELLENICI. The Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece and Rome, from the CXXIVth Olympiad to the Death of Augustus. By HENRY FYNES CLINTON, Esq., M.A. late Student of Christ Church. Second Edition, with additions. 4to. Price 1l. 12s. in boards.

An EPITOME of the the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece from the earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus, By HENRY FYNES CLINTON, Esq., M.A. late Student of Christ Church. 8vo. Price 6s. 6d. in boards.

ÆSCHYLI Tragœdiæ Superstites et Deperditarum Fragmenta ex recensione G. DINDORFII. Tomus III. Scholia Græca ex Codicibus aucta et emendata. 8vo. Price 8s. 6d. in boards.

Sold by JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London: and E. GARDNER, 7. Paternoster Row, London.

THE BEST IS THE CHEAPEST.

The Best Congou Tea
3s. 8d.
per lb.

The Best Souchong Tea
4s. 4d.
   "

The Best Gunpowder Tea
5s. 8d.
   "

The Best Old Mocha Coffee
1s. 4d.
   "

The Best West India Coffee
1s. 4d.
   "

The Fine True Ripe Rich
Rare Souchong Tea
4s. 0d.
   "

40s. worth or upwards sent CARRIAGE FREE to any part of England by

PHILLIPS & CO., TEA MERCHANTS,

No. 8. King William Street, City, London.

Churches of the Middle Ages,

By HENRY BOWMAN and J. T. CROWTHER, Architects, Manchester.

No. XVI. published this day.

CONTENTS.

S. PETER'S CLAYPOLE, LINCOLNSHIRE,

Plate 1.—Plan and Elevation of Sedilia in Chancel.

" 2.—Details of Sedilia, and Plan, Elevation, and Details of Locker.

S. JOHN'S WAPPENBURY, WARWICKSHIRE.

Plate 2.—East and South Elevations of Chancel.

" 3.—Details of Chancel.

S. MARY'S FRAMPTON, LINCOLNSHIRE.

Plate 1.—Ground Plan.

S. PETER'S THREEKINGHAM, LINCOLNSHIRE.

Plate 5.—Longitudinal Section.

Price 9s. plain; 10s. 6d. tinted; 12s. proofs, on large paper.

GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

This day is published, price 2s. 6d.,

A FEW REMARKS

ON
A PAMPHLET BY MR. SHILLETO,
ENTITLED
"THUCYDIDES OR GROTE?"

Cambridge: JOHN DEIGHTON; London: GEORGE BELL;
Oxford: J. H. PARKER.

TEN GUINEAS REWARD.

RUTHVEN, EARL OF GOWRIE.—PATRICK RUTHVEN, son of William, Earl of Gowrie, married between the years 1615 and 1625, as generally stated. The above reward will be paid to any person who may find the place of marriage, and will produce a Certificate thereof.

THREE GUINEAS REWARD.

On the production of a Certificate of the Marriage of SIR ANTHONY VAN DYCK with MARIA RUTHVEN, which took place in 1640.

THREE GUINEAS REWARD.

For any evidence of the Death or Burial of PATRICK RUTHVEN, son of the before-mentioned Patrick, the brother of the said Maria Van Dyck, formerly Ruthven. He was living in 1656 (then administrator of his father's effects) and was dead probably before 1710.

Communications upon these points are to be transmitted to "The Editor of NOTES AND QUERIES."

December 1.

THE ART-JOURNAL, for DECEMBER, completes the Third Volume of the New Series, for 1851; and contains the Title, Dedication to Prince Albert, Table of Contents, &c.

The Volume of
THE ART-JOURNAL FOR 1851,

is this day published, containing Thirty-six Engravings on steel, and several hundred Engravings on wood. Price 31s. 6d.

To be had of all Booksellers in Town and Country.

THE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION.

(Published in connection with the ART-JOURNAL), may still be obtained of any Bookseller, but it will be soon "out of print."

Active preparations are in progress for introducing several marked IMPROVEMENTS in the ART-JOURNAL: these will be evidenced in the Part to be issued on the 1st of January, 1852; which, commencing a new volume, affords a favourable opportunity for new Subscribers.

Cloth 1s., pp. 169, by post 1s. 6d.

WELSH SKETCHES, chiefly Ecclesiastical, to the Close of the Twelfth Century. By the Author of "Proposals for Christian Union."

"Are written in the same attractive and popular style."—Notes and Queries.

"Show great research on the part of the Author into the early history of the Principality. We can recommend this little work to all those who are curious in these matters."—Carmarthen Journal.

London: JAMES DARLING, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's-inn-fields.

Just published,

ALMANACKS FOR 1852.

WHITAKER'S CLERGYMAN'S DIARY, for 1852, will contain a Diary, with Table of Lessons, Collects, &c., and full directions for Public Worship for every day in the year, with blank spaces for Memoranda: A List of all the Bishops and other Dignitaries of the Church, arranged under the order of their respective Dioceses; Bishops of the Scottish and American Churches; and particulars respecting the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches; together with Statistics of the various Religious Sects in England; Particulars of the Societies connected with the Church; of the Universities, &c. Members of both Houses of Convocation, of both Houses of Parliament, the Government, Courts of Law, &c. With Instructions to Candidates for Holy Orders; and a variety of information useful to all Clergymen, price in cloth 3s., or 5s. as a pocket-book with tuck.

THE FAMILY ALMANACK AND EDUCATIONAL REGISTER for 1852 will contain, in addition to the more than usual contents of an Almanack for Family Use, a List of the Universities of the United Kingdom, with the Heads of Houses, Professors, &c. A List of the various Colleges connected with the Church of England, Roman Catholics, and various Dissenting bodies. Together with a complete List of all the Foundation and Grammar Schools, with an Account of the Scholarships and Exhibitions attached to them; to which is added an Appendix, containing an Account of the Committee of Council on Education, and of the various Training Institutions for Teachers; compiled from original sources.

WHITAKER'S PENNY ALMANACK FOR CHURCHMEN. Containing thirty-six pages of Useful Information, including a Table of the Lessons; Lists of both Houses of Parliament, &c. &c., stitched in a neat wrapper.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford and London.

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND
ANNUITY SOCIETY,

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

FOUNDED A.D. 1842.

Directors.

H. Edgeworth Bicknell, Esq.

William Cabell, Esq.

T. Somers Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P.

G. Henry Drew, Esq.

William Evans, Esq.

William Freeman, Esq.

F. Fuller, Esq.

J. Henry Goodhart, Esq.

T. Grissell, Esq.

James Hunt, Esq.

J. Arscott Lethbridge, Esq.

E. Lucas, Esq.

James Lys Seager, Esq.

J. Basley White, Esq.

Joseph Carter Wood, Esq.

Trustees.

W. Whately, Esq., Q.C.

L. C. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C.

George Drew, Esq.

Consulting Counsel.—Sir William P. Wood, M.P., Solicitor-General.

Physician.—William Rich. Basham, M.D.

Bankers.—Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Prospectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits:—

Age  £  s.  d.

17   1  14  4

22   1  18  8

27   2   4   5

32   2  10  8

37   2  18  6

42   3   8   2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION; being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

LONDON LIBRARY, 12. St. James's Square.—Patron—His Royal Highness Prince ALBERT.

This Institution now offers to its members a collection of 60,000 volumes, to which additions are constantly making, both in English and foreign literature. A reading room is also open for the use of the members, supplied with the best English and foreign periodicals.

Terms of admission—entrance fee, 6l.; annual subscription, 2l.; or entrance fee and life subscription, 26l.

By order of the Committee.

September, 1851.

J. G. COCHRANE, Secretary and Librarian.

VERY IMPORTANT MANUSCRIPTS.

PUTTICK AND SIMPSON. Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on THURSDAY, December 4, a collection of valuable Manuscripts, including many important Records of English Counties and Families, Deeds and Charters from a very early date, some having interesting and curious seals; numerous Original Documents relating to English monasteries; large collection of Drawings of Antiquities in various English counties, particularly Gloucestershire; most interesting MS. relating to London; Libellus Beati Misericordis, a legendary MS. of about the year 1350; "The Booke that ys cleped the Mirrour of the Blissed Liffe of Jhesu Criste," an English MS. of about the year 1449; Churchwardens' Accounts for Berkhampstead, 1585 to 1746, an important MS.; the unpublished Diary of Walter Yonge, 1640 to 1649, 6 vols.; Diary of the Rev. J. Hopkins, A.D. 1700; Gemistus and Phurnutus, an important Greek MS. of the fifteenth century; some interesting Italian Historical MSS., and Autograph Letters. Catalogues will be sent on application (if in the country, on receipt of two stamps).

In 2 vols. imperial 8vo., price 4l. 10s. Illustrated by upwards of 2000 Engravings on Wood.

THE IMPERIAL DICTIONARY, English, Technological, and Scientific; adapted to the present State of Literature, Science, and Art, on the Basis of "Webster's English Dictionary;" with the Addition of many Thousand Words and Phrases from the other Standard Dictionaries and Encyclopædias, and from numerous other sources; comprising all Words purely English, and the principal and most generally used Technical and Scientific Terms, together with their Etymologies, and their Pronunciation, according to the best authorities.

CHARACTER OF THE WORK.

This work is admitted to be superior to any Dictionary hitherto offered to the public. See opinions in Prospectus from Rev. James Robertson, D.D., Professor of Divinity and Ecclesiastical History, University of Edinburgh; Rev. Phillip Killand, M.A., Professor of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh; Rev. John Fleming, D.D., Professor of Natural Science, New College, Edinburgh; Rev. Thomas Luby, Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin; James Thomson, LL.D., Professor of Mathematics, University of Glasgow.

BLACKIE & SON, Queen Street, Glasgow; South College Street, Edinburgh; and Warwick Square, London.

Handsomely bound in cloth, gilt edges, 9s.; Morocco elegant, 11s.

BOOK OF SCOTTISH SONG; a Collection of the Best and most approved Songs of Scotland, Ancient and Modern; with Critical and Historical Notices regarding them and their Authors, and an Essay on Scottish Song. With engraved Frontispiece and Title.

"The neatest and most comprehensive collection of Scottish minstrelsy, ancient and modern."—Edinburgh Advertiser.

Handsomely bound in cloth, gilt edges, 9s.; Morocco elegant, 11s.

BOOK OF SCOTTISH BALLADS; a Comprehensive Collection of the Ballads of Scotland, with numerous Illustrative Notes, by the Editor of "The Book of Scottish Song." With engraved Frontispiece and Title.

"A rich and valuable collection—accompanied by critical and bibliographical illustrations which add largely to the interest of the volume."—John Bull.

BLACKIE & SON, Queen Street, Glasgow; South College Street, Edinburgh; and Warwick Square, London.

Vols. I. and II. now ready.

Elegantly bound in ultramarine cloth, gilt edges, price 6s. each.

GIRLHOOD OF SHAKSPEARE'S HEROINES.

A Series of Fifteen Tales. By MARY COWDEN CLARKE. Periodically, in One Shilling Books, each containing a complete Story.

Vol. I. Price 6s.

Tale I. PORTIA: THE HEIRESS OF BELMONT.

Tale II. THE THANE'S DAUGHTER.

Tale III. HELENA: THE PHYSICIAN'S ORPHAN.

Tale IV. DESDEMONA: THE MAGNIFICO'S CHILD.

Tale V. MEG AND ALICE: THE MERRY MAIDS OF WINDSOR.

Vol. II. Price 6s.

Tale VI. ISABELLA: THE VOTARESS.

Tale VII. KATHARINA AND BIANCA: THE SHREW, AND THE DEMURE.

Tale VIII. OPHELIA: THE ROSE OF ELSINORE.

Tale IX. ROSALIND AND CELIA: THE FRIENDS.

Tale X. JULIET: THE WHITE DOVE OF VERONA.

Vol. III. (In progress.)

Tale XI. BEATRICE AND HERO: THE COUSINS.

Tale XII. OLIVIA: THE LADY OF ILLYRIA.

SMITH & CO., 136. Strand; and SIMPKIN & CO., Stationers' Hall Court.

CHOICE AND USEFUL BOOKS,

AT

JAS. NEWMAN'S, 235. HIGH HOLBORN.

Ashmole's Institution, Laws, and Ceremonies of the Order of the Garter, fine plates by Hollar, with an Autograph Letter of Ashmole inserted, folio, neat. 3l. 3s. 1672.

Anderson's Royal Genealogies, best edition, folio, neat. 2l. 1736.

Banks's Dormant and Extinct Baronage of England, with Supplement, 4 vols. 4to. hf. bd. calf. 1l. 16s. 1807-37.

—— Baronia Anglica Concentrata; or, An Account of Baronies in Fee, with the Proofs of Parliamentary Sitting from the Reign of Edward I., 2 vols. 4to. 1l. 1s. 1844.

Bracton De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ, best edition, folio, very neat. 2l. 2s. 1569.

Britton's Cathedral Antiquities of Great Britain, fine plates, large paper, 6 vols. royal 4to. hf. bd. uncut. 15l. 15s. 1814-36.

—— Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain, fine plates, large paper, 4 vols. royal 4to. russia extra. 8l. 8s. 1807-14.

Berry's Encyclopædia of Heraldry, plates, 3 vols. 4to. cf. gt. 3l. 3s. 1820.

Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica (Nichols's) a Collection of Topographical, Antiquarian, and Biographical Tracts, 8 thick vols. 4to. boards, very scarce 14l. 14s. 1780-90.

Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, 8 vols. royal 8vo. 5l. (Published at 8l. 8s.) 1834-43.

Carte's History of the Life of James Duke of Ormonde, 1610-88, 3 vols. folio, very neat. 3l. 15s. 1735-6.

Chronicles of England and France, by Froissart and Monstrelet, translated by JOHNES, with the Memoirs of Froissart and John Lord de Joinville, plates, 9 vols. royal 4to. fine set, russia extra. 12l. 12s. 1803-10.

Devonshire.—Oliver's Monasticon Diocesis Exoniensis, fine plates, folio, calf extra. 3l. 3s. 1846.

Domesday Book, with the Introduction and Indexes, also the Supplements, 4 vols. folio, new, hf. bd. calf. 7l. 10s. 1783-1816.

Dibdin's Bibliographical, Antiquarian, and Picturesque Tour in France and Germany, fine plates, best edition, 3 vols. royal 8vo. russia extra. 6l. 10s. 1821.

Drummond's Histories of Noble British Families, numerous fine Plates, some in colours. 2 vols. royal folio, hf. bd. morocco. 21l. 1846.

Dugdale's History of the Imbanking and Draining of Fens, &c., plates, folio, very neat. 2l. 1772.

Dumont et Rousset, Corps Universel Diplomatique du Droit des Gens, ou Recueil de Traites de Paix, de Treve, &c. &c. 30 vols. large paper, folio, fine copy, calf. 10l. 10s. 1726-39.

Essex.—Morant's History of the County, plates, best edition, 2 vols. folio, uncut. 6l. 6s. 1768.

Fenn's Original Letters of the Paston Family, written during the reigns of Henry VI., Edw. IV., &c., 5 vols. 4to. fine copy in russia, very scarce. 6l. 16s. 6d. 1787-1823.

Fosbrooke's Encyclopædia of Antiquities, with the Foreign Topography, plates, best edition, 3 vols. 4to. calf extra. 2l. 15s. 1823-8.

Fox's Book of Martyrs, numerous curious cuts, &c. 3 vols. folio calf, very neat. 3l. 13s. 6d. 1641.

Fuller's Worthies of England, with the Index, folio, very neat, 2l. 2s. 1662.

Grimaldi's Origines Genealogicæ, 4to. calf gilt, scarce, 2l. 2s. 1828.

Gough's Sepulchral Monuments in Great Britain fine plates, large folio. 1786-96.

—— British Topography, an Account of what has been done for illustrating Topographical Antiquities, 2 vols. 4to. very neat. 1l. 8s. 1780.

Grose's Antiquities of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, several hundred plates, 12 vols. imperial 8vo. russia. 8l. 8s. 1784, &c.

Guillim's Heraldry, fine plates, best edition, thick folio, neat. 4l. 4s. 1724.

Hertfordshire.—Chauncy's History of the County, plates, including the scarce ones, fine copy, calf. 8l. 8s. 1700.

Hertfordshire.—Clutterbuck's History of the County, fine plates, 3 vols. folio, very clean copy, in boards, 11l. 11s. (Published at 18l. 18s.) 1815-27.

Lelandi de Rebus Britannicis Collectanea, cum T. Hearnii, plates, 6 vols, 8vo. neat. 2l. 16s. 1770.

Lysons' Magna Britannia, an Account of the Counties of Beds, Berks, Bucks, Cambridge, Cheshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, Derby, and Devon, many plates, 6 vols, 4to. hf. bd. neat. 3l. 13s. 6d. 1806-22.

—— Account of the Environs of London, with the Supplement, plates, best edition, 6 vols. 4to. half russia. 3l. 10s. 1792-6.

London.—Stow's Survey, many plates, best edition by Strype, 2 vols. folio, fine copy in russia. 1754.

—— Wilkinson's Graphic and Historical Illustrations, 207 interesting plates, 2 vols. royal 4to. hf. bd. 3l. 13s. 6d. 1819-25.

Madox's Firma Burgi, Baronia Anglica, Formulare Anglicanum, and History of the Exchequer, large paper. 4 vols. folio, russia, gilt edges. 3l. 16s. 1727. &c.

Manuscripts in the British Museum.—Catalogues of the Cottonian, Harleian, and Lansdowne Collections, 6 vols. folio. 5l. 10s. 1802-19.

Montfaucon (B. De), Les Monumens de la Monarchie Française, numerous fine plates, 5 vols. folio, neat in calf, scarce. 8l. 18s. 6d. Paris, 1729-33.

Meyrick's Ancient Armour, last edition, much enlarged, fine coloured engravings, 3 vols. folio, hf. bd. morocco. 8l. 18s. 6d. 1844.

Murphy's Arabian Antiquities of Spain, 100 fine engravings, large folio, hf. bd. morocco, 7l. 7s.

Neale's Views of Seats, nearly 900 fine plates, proofs on India paper, with descriptions, large paper, 11 vols. 4to. 12l. (Published at 55 guineas.) 1822-9.

Nichols's Progresses and Processions of Queen Elizabeth, also of King James I., plates, 7 vols. 4to. fine copy, new in calf. 9l. 1823-8.

Norfolk.—Blomefield and Parkin's History of the County, plates, large paper, 11 vols. 4to. fine copy, calf. 9l. 1805-10.

—— and Suffolk.—Cotman's Engravings of the Sepulchral Brasses in those Counties, original edition, folio, hf. bd. 2l. 15s. 1819.

—— another new edition enlarged, 2 vols. folio, hf. bd. morocco. 4l. 14s. 6d. (Published at 8l. 8s.) 1838.

—— Cotman's Architectural Antiquities of the County, 240 fine plates, with Descriptions by Rickman, 2 vols. large folio, hf. bd. morocco. 7l. 7s. 1838.

Nottinghamshire.—Thoroton's History of the County, with additions by Thoresby, plates, 3 vols. 4to. very neat. 2l 15s. 1797.

Oxfordshire.—Plat's History of the County, best edition, folio, fine copy, calf. 1l. 10s. 1705.

—— Skelton's Antiquities of the County, fine plates, royal 4to. calf extra. 2l. 8s.

—— The same, with the Oxonia Antiqua Restaurata, the Colleges, Halls, &c. and the Record of Oxford Founders, 4 vols. royal 4to. cloth. 6l. 10s. (Published at 24l.) 1823-8.

Painter's Palace of Pleasure, a series of Tales which appeared during the reign of Elizabeth, edited by Haslewood, 2 vols. 4to. hf. russia, uncut. 2l. 15s. 1813.

Picart's Ceremonies and Religious Customs of various Nations, fine plates, large paper, 7 vols. large folio, hf. bd. 5l. 1733.

Rolls (The) of Parliament, comprising the Petitions, Pleas, &c., from Edward I. to Henry VII., with Index, 7 vols. folio, hf. bd. neat. 2l. 15s.

Sandford's Genealogical History of the Kings and Queens of England, best edition, by Stebbing, plates, fine copy. 6l. 10s. 1707.

Somersetshire.—Collinson's History of the County, plates, with some scarce additional ones inserted, 3 vols. royal 4to. hf. bd. uncut. 4l. 4s. 1791.

Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5 New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, November 29, 1851.

Transcriber's Note: Ϲ (Greek Capital Lunate Sigma Symbol) rather than Σ has been used in some words to reproduce the characters exactly. Original spelling varieties have not been standardized.

Pages in "Notes and Queries", Vol. I-IV

Vol. I No. 1 November 3, 1849. Pages 1 - 17 PG # 8603

Vol. I No. 2 November 10, 1849. Pages 18 - 32 PG # 11265

Vol. I No. 3 November 17, 1849. Pages 33 - 46 PG # 11577

Vol. I No. 4 November 24, 1849. Pages 49 - 63 PG # 13513

Vol. I No. 5 December 1, 1849. Pages 65 - 80 PG # 11636

Vol. I No. 6 December 8, 1849. Pages 81 - 95 PG # 13550

Vol. I No. 7 December 15, 1849. Pages 97 - 112 PG # 11651

Vol. I No. 8 December 22, 1849. Pages 113 - 128 PG # 11652

Vol. I No. 9 December 29, 1849. Pages 130 - 144 PG # 13521

Vol. I No. 10 January 5, 1850. Pages 145 - 160 PG #

Vol. I No. 11 January 12, 1850. Pages 161 - 176 PG # 11653

Vol. I No. 12 January 19, 1850. Pages 177 - 192 PG # 11575

Vol. I No. 13 January 26, 1850. Pages 193 - 208 PG # 11707

Vol. I No. 14 February 2, 1850. Pages 209 - 224 PG # 13558

Vol. I No. 15 February 9, 1850. Pages 225 - 238 PG # 11929

Vol. I No. 16 February 16, 1850. Pages 241 - 256 PG # 16193

Vol. I No. 17 February 23, 1850. Pages 257 - 271 PG # 12018

Vol. I No. 18 March 2, 1850. Pages 273 - 288 PG # 13544

Vol. I No. 19 March 9, 1850. Pages 289 - 309 PG # 13638

Vol. I No. 20 March 16, 1850. Pages 313 - 328 PG # 16409

Vol. I No. 21 March 23, 1850. Pages 329 - 343 PG # 11958

Vol. I No. 22 March 30, 1850. Pages 345 - 359 PG # 12198

Vol. I No. 23 April 6, 1850. Pages 361 - 376 PG # 12505

Vol. I No. 24 April 13, 1850. Pages 377 - 392 PG # 13925

Vol. I No. 25 April 20, 1850. Pages 393 - 408 PG # 13747

Vol. I No. 26 April 27, 1850. Pages 409 - 423 PG # 13822

Vol. I No. 27 May 4, 1850. Pages 425 - 447 PG # 13712

Vol. I No. 28 May 11, 1850. Pages 449 - 463 PG # 13684

Vol. I No. 29 May 18, 1850. Pages 465 - 479 PG # 15197

Vol. I No. 30 May 25, 1850. Pages 481 - 495 PG # 13713

Notes and Queries Vol. II.

Vol., No., Date, Year, Pages, PG #

Vol. II No. 31 June 1, 1850. Pages 1- 15 PG # 12589

Vol. II No. 32 June 8, 1850. Pages 17- 32 PG # 15996

Vol. II No. 33 June 15, 1850. Pages 33- 48 PG # 26121

Vol. II No. 34 June 22, 1850. Pages 49- 64 PG # 22127

Vol. II No. 35 June 29, 1850. Pages 65- 79 PG # 22126

Vol. II No. 36 July 6, 1850. Pages 81- 96 PG # 13361

Vol. II No. 37 July 13, 1850. Pages 97-112 PG # 13729

Vol. II No. 38 July 20, 1850. Pages 113-128 PG # 13362

Vol. II No. 39 July 27, 1850. Pages 129-143 PG # 13736

Vol. II No. 40 August 3, 1850. Pages 145-159 PG # 13389

Vol. II No. 41 August 10, 1850. Pages 161-176 PG # 13393

Vol. II No. 42 August 17, 1850. Pages 177-191 PG # 13411

Vol. II No. 43 August 24, 1850. Pages 193-207 PG # 13406

Vol. II No. 44 August 31, 1850. Pages 209-223 PG # 13426

Vol. II No. 45 September 7, 1850. Pages 225-240 PG # 13427

Vol. II No. 46 September 14, 1850. Pages 241-256 PG # 13462

Vol. II No. 47 September 21, 1850. Pages 257-272 PG # 13936

Vol. II No. 48 September 28, 1850. Pages 273-288 PG # 13463

Vol. II No. 49 October 5, 1850. Pages 289-304 PG # 13480

Vol. II No. 50 October 12, 1850. Pages 305-320 PG # 13551

Vol. II No. 51 October 19, 1850. Pages 321-351 PG # 15232

Vol. II No. 52 October 26, 1850. Pages 353-367 PG # 22624

Vol. II No. 53 November 2, 1850. Pages 369-383 PG # 13540

Vol. II No. 54 November 9, 1850. Pages 385-399 PG # 22138

Vol. II No. 55 November 16, 1850. Pages 401-415 PG # 15216

Vol. II No. 56 November 23, 1850. Pages 417-431 PG # 15354

Vol. II No. 57 November 30, 1850. Pages 433-454 PG # 15405

Vol. II No. 58 December 7, 1850. Pages 457-470 PG # 21503

Vol. II No. 59 December 14, 1850. Pages 473-486 PG # 15427

Vol. II No. 60 December 21, 1850. Pages 489-502 PG # 24803

Vol. II No. 61 December 28, 1850. Pages 505-524 PG # 16404

Notes and Queries Vol. III.

Vol., No., Date, Year, Pages, PG #

Vol. III No. 62 January 4, 1851. Pages 1- 15 PG # 15638

Vol. III No. 63 January 11, 1851. Pages 17- 31 PG # 15639

Vol. III No. 64 January 18, 1851. Pages 33- 47 PG # 15640

Vol. III No. 65 January 25, 1851. Pages 49- 78 PG # 15641

Vol. III No. 66 February 1, 1851. Pages 81- 95 PG # 22339

Vol. III No. 67 February 8, 1851. Pages 97-111 PG # 22625

Vol. III No. 68 February 15, 1851. Pages 113-127 PG # 22639

Vol. III No. 69 February 22, 1851. Pages 129-159 PG # 23027

Vol. III No. 70 March 1, 1851. Pages 161-174 PG # 23204

Vol. III No. 71 March 8, 1851. Pages 177-200 PG # 23205

Vol. III No. 72 March 15, 1851. Pages 201-215 PG # 23212

Vol. III No. 73 March 22, 1851. Pages 217-231 PG # 23225

Vol. III No. 74 March 29, 1851. Pages 233-255 PG # 23282

Vol. III No. 75 April 5, 1851. Pages 257-271 PG # 23402

Vol. III No. 76 April 12, 1851. Pages 273-294 PG # 26896

Vol. III No. 77 April 19, 1851. Pages 297-311 PG # 26897

Vol. III No. 78 April 26, 1851. Pages 313-342 PG # 26898

Vol. III No. 79 May 3, 1851. Pages 345-359 PG # 26899

Vol. III No. 80 May 10, 1851. Pages 361-382 PG # 32495

Vol. III No. 81 May 17, 1851. Pages 385-399 PG # 29318

Vol. III No. 82 May 24, 1851. Pages 401-415 PG # 28311

Vol. III No. 83 May 31, 1851. Pages 417-440 PG # 36835

Vol. III No. 84 June 7, 1851. Pages 441-472 PG # 37379

Vol. III No. 85 June 14, 1851. Pages 473-488 PG # 37403

Vol. III No. 86 June 21, 1851. Pages 489-511 PG # 37496

Vol. III No. 87 June 28, 1851. Pages 513-528 PG # 37516

Notes and Queries Vol. IV.

Vol., No., Date, Year, Pages, PG #

Vol. IV No. 88 July 5, 1851. Pages 1- 15 PG # 37548

Vol. IV No. 89 July 12, 1851. Pages 17- 31 PG # 37568

Vol. IV No. 90 July 19, 1851. Pages 33- 47 PG # 37593

Vol. IV No. 91 July 26, 1851. Pages 49- 79 PG # 37778

Vol. IV No. 92 August 2, 1851. Pages 81- 94 PG # 38324

Vol. IV No. 93 August 9, 1851. Pages 97-112 PG # 38337

Vol. IV No. 94 August 16, 1851. Pages 113-127 PG # 38350

Vol. IV No. 95 August 23, 1851. Pages 129-144 PG # 38386

Vol. IV No. 96 August 30, 1851. Pages 145-167 PG # 38405

Vol. IV No. 97 September 6, 1851. Pages 169-183 PG # 38433

Vol. IV No. 98 September 13, 1851. Pages 185-200 PG # 38491

Vol. IV No. 99 September 20, 1851. Pages 201-216 PG # 38574

Vol. IV No. 100 September 27, 1851. Pages 217-246 PG # 38656

Vol. IV No. 101 October 4, 1851. Pages 249-264 PG # 38701

Vol. IV No. 102 October 11, 1851. Pages 265-287 PG # 38773

Vol. IV No. 103 October 18, 1851. Pages 289-303 PG # 38864

Vol. IV No. 104 October 25, 1851. Pages 305-333 PG # 38926

Vol. IV No. 105 November 1, 1851. Pages 337-359 PG # 39076

Vol. IV No. 106 November 8, 1851. Pages 361-374 PG # 39091

Vol. IV No. 107 November 15, 1851. Pages 377-396 PG # 39135

Vol. IV No. 108 November 22, 1851. Pages 401-414 PG # 39197

Vol I. Index. [Nov. 1849-May 1850] PG # 13536

INDEX TO THE SECOND VOLUME. MAY-DEC., 1850 PG # 13571

INDEX TO THE THIRD VOLUME. JAN.-JUNE, 1851 PG # 26770

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, VOL. IV, NUMBER 109, NOVEMBER 29, 1851 ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.